The need for retribution and compensation is found in a famously unethical experiment: the The Belmont Report contains three basic ethical principles: (1) respect for persons, (2) beneficence, and (3) justice. Monkeys and rats learned to self-administer a range of drugs, from cocaine, amphetamines, codeine, morphine and alcohol. The subjects, 10 of whom had previously been identified as stutterers, were divided into two groups, each with 5 stutterers and 6 regular speakers. Kelly Edwards, professor of bioethics at the University of Washington, thinks back to the needed balance of risks and benefits in an experiment. It is unethical for a researcher to submit a research paper or publication that has two or more seminal journals which could be with or without acknowledgment of these other journals. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In 1932, the U.S. Public Health Service, in collaboration with the The Aversion Project. They guide the relationship between the people that partake together in research. All personal data must be handled with utmost care and confidentiality. Beecher famously claimed that the problem was not that researchers were malicious or evil; rather, he claimed the problem was they manifested thoughtlessness or carelessness. Overview on exploratory research, examples and methodology. Multiple examples of past unethical research studies conducted in the past throughout the world have cast a significant historical shadow on research involving human subjects. Reimer never identified as female and developed strong psychological attachment to being a male. Like all sciences, psychology relies on experimentation to validate its hypotheses. susanville to reno road conditions; henry oliver kaufman Public Health. When it comes to medical ethics, different principles need to be weighed against each other by an institutional review board, deciding over experiments involving human participants. A $10 million settlement was reached. This means it is now very easy for journal editors to detect plagiarism. Part of the duties of the institution is to have good administrational management and funding that would allow researchers to comply with designed ethical guidelines and norms. Read: Systematic Errors in Research: Definition, Examples, Heres a list of unethical practices every researcher must avoid. That is an authorship conflict and it is unethical. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Like all sciences, psychology relies on experimentation to validate its hypotheses. The participants must. Organizations should consider putting effective policies in place. This includes considering whether the question asked is answerable, whether the research methods are valid and feasible, and whether the study is designed with accepted principles, clear methods, and reliable practices. 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However, it can sometimes be difficult to know whether or not you might unintentionally be doing something unethical. -, Franklin P, Rowland E, Fox R, Nicolson P. Research ethics in accessing hospital staff and securing informed consent. The men had syphilis, for which no cure then existed, and were studied to determine its effects. The lack of transparency does limit the amount of information available on the studies described below, because in most cases it appears the study design is indeed not publicly available. If one of the persons whose name was cited in the journal does not give consent or agree to its publication. The research ethics guideline covers the projects of students at all levels, and that of the doctoral research fellows. WebResearch, Methods, Statistics Resuscitation Rheumatology Risk Management Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine Shared Decision Making and Communication Sleep Medicine Sports Medicine Stem Cell Transplantation Substance Use and Addiction Medicine Surgery Surgical Innovation Surgical Pearls Teachable Moment Technology and Finance The first two groups listed above are internal ethical norms. The Milgram experiment showed the tension between that obedience to the orders of the authority figure and personal conscience. However, to elicit revulsion, he ordered the participants to behead a live rat. Webis discovered. The Tuskegee syphilis Landis Facial Expressions Experiment (1924). Research on smallpox vaccine is one example. This can result in revoking the physicians clinical license, the prosecution of the physician, and also create huge mistrust in the mind of the public. Accessibility The first such ethical code for research was the Nuremberg Code, arising in the aftermath of Nazi research atrocities brought to light in the post-World War II Nuremberg Trials. WebHistory is filled with examples of unethical research. Collect Quality Research Data with Formplus for Free. It is in a researchers best interest to follow these laid down rules because the consequences are a long-lasting dent to whoever is involved and that might even be the end of their career. Edwards says the institutional review boards offer a small one-time assessment of the situation. That is why, from time immemorial, there have been set ethics and rules that serve as a guide and moderator in human activities. The Monster Study is a prime example of an unethical psychology experiment on humans that changed the world. His graduate student, Mary Tudor, experimented while Johnson supervised her work. Fate moves in mysterious but purposeful ways! Some included studying the reaction to dangerous chemicals, such as dioxin, an Agent Orange ingredient, the removal of thumbnails to see how fingers react to abuse, or the infestation of inmates with ringworm. Can Bull Med Hist. Essay Sample If you are facing ethic violations in your marriage dispute, there are ways to resolve them. Invalid research is unethical because it is a waste of resources and exposes people to risk for no purpose. However, Sherif manipulated the outcomes of the contests, keeping the results close for each group. WebThis monograph describes the largest unethical medical experiment in human history: the implementation and operation of non-ionizing non-visible EMF radiation (hereafter called wireless radiation) infrastructure for communications, surveillance, weaponry, Epub 2020 Mar 16. What are the top 10 unethical psychology experiments? Top 10 Unethical Psychological Experiments. The Monster Study. 1939. The Aversion Project. 1970s and 1980s. Stanford Prison Experiment. 1971. Monkey Drug Trials. 1969. Landis' Facial Expressions Experiment. 1924. Little Albert. 1920. Learned Helplessness. 1965. Milgram Study. 1974. There must be a setup code of ethics for all employees to follow in every establishment. When He made his claim of genetically altering humans, the response from the global medical community was swift and condemning. Research risks may be trivial or serious, transient or long-term. The Nuremberg Code of 1947, one of the few positive outcomes of the Nazi experiments, is often considered the first document to set out ethical regulations of human research. One-third of participants refused to do it, while another two-thirds complied, with a great deal of trauma done to themand the rats. Experiments should be socially valuable and scientifically valid, and people have to be selected fairly and respected. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! -, Miracle VA. The scientist had also been warned by peers not to go down this path. Many times, the lines between these norms get blurred. Has the trial been ethically designed and is the riskbenefit ratio favorable? Before Webdisadvantages of unethical research. Another led to the creation of the hepatitis B vaccine prototype. -. A Warner Bros. One group received encouragement and positive feedback, but the other was ridiculed for any speech problems, including non-existent problems. 8600 Rockville Pike Ann Clin Lab Sci. Harlows Monkey Experiments. Astoundingly, Dr. Levin relocated to Canada where he worked until he was sent to prison for assaulting a patient. Milgram wanted to determine how far people would go carrying out actions that might be detrimental to others if they were ordered or encouraged to do so by an authority figure. Neurol Sci. This is an experiment that tells you right from the title its going to be painful to read. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). There must be adequate respect given to private establishments that do not want to give out their data or information. Three sets of dogs were placed in harnesses. The autonomy and integrity of the individual must be protected. By the 6th day, guards were harassing the prisoners physically and mentally and some guards had harmed prisoners. The United States Public Health Service conducted the study. Now research ethics refers to the values and the norms an institution has put in place to help regulate scientific activities. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. They govern a humans behavioral expectations and that of others. Additionally, the Belmont Report details research-based protective applications for informed consent, risk/benefit assessment, and participant selection. Researchers should remember the consequence of unethical conduct is humiliation. Webthomas tull whistler house; cheer choice awards nominees; glad to hear that you are doing well Participating in these experiments was one of way for prisoners to earn money and a further means to control them, Loue said. But where exactly should the line be drawn in terms ofwhat is acceptable and unacceptable when experimenting on humans? This guideline specifies the traits or behaviors that are recognized by the research community based on the general ethics of science and society at large. Carney chose students as participants, who were exposed to different situations to prompt emotional reactions. Its actually horrific. Contracting hepatitis was inevitable and predictable due to poor hygiene at the overcrowded school, according to the first study Krugman and his colleagues carried out in Willowbrook. 2018 Jul 01;83(1):29-37. 4. The primary basis for recruiting participants should be the scientific goals of the study not vulnerability, privilege, or other unrelated factors. There are set ethical guidelines that protect the researcher, the research community, and the general public. Yet another study entailed implanting the testicles of goats, rams, and boars into inmates. Webdisadvantages of unethical research. All Rights Reserved. First, a catheter was inserted into each child's umbilical artery until the instrument reached the aorta. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Unfortunately, the experiment seemed to turn out much more realistically than hoped as eleven Stanford University Hospital patients actually developed Serratia infections, one of the patients ending up dead. Little Albert (1920). Demographic reporting across a decade of neuroimaging: a systematic review. 2008 Feb 3;149(5):195-201. doi: 10.1556/OH.2008.28282. When some teachers expressed hesitation about increasing the level of shocks, the experimenter encouraged them to do so. 2. Neurosurgical Patients as Human Research Subjects: Ethical Considerations in Intracranial Electrophysiology Research. 2022 May;52(3):511-525. Participants were often left with life-long cognitive disabilities. Such experiments have been criticized as unethical but have advanced medicine and its ethical codes, such as the Nuremberg Code. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. By the second day, prisoners refused to obey guards and the guards started threatening prisoners with violence, far over their instructions. The risks and benefits equation sometimes includes third-party consideration, such as tests of a vaccine that includes a virus that can shed and infect others who are not research participants, Persad said. The late Dr. Albert Kligman is fondly remembered for having invented Retin-A, the popular acne medication, but his legacy isalso unfortunately stained by allegations that several experiments he conducted in the Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia were unethical. There are norms for good scientific practice. These guidelines provide ethics, advice, and guidance. WebToggle navigation. Acase filed byhundreds of former inmates in 2000failed to prosper because the statute of limitations was found to have expired. Many of national and international protocols, like the 2005 UN Declaration on Human Rights and Bioethics, include some of these seven principles, Persad said. I'm a freelance writer from the Philippines and a late bloomer when it comes to writing. But disturbingly,most of the non-stutterers who were told that they suffered froma speech defect ended up displaying various speech-related problems, including markedly worse performance in school and a tendency to be withdrawn. The study observed 600 black men, 201 of whom did not have the disease. She survived the Holocaust and says the trauma of being separated from your parents lasts forever. Risks can be physical, psychological, economic, or social. When David Reimer was eighth months old, his penis was seriously damaged during a failed circumcision. These norms are respect, accountability, confidentiality, integrity, impartiality, constructive criticism. Tolchin B, Conwit R, Epstein LG, Russell JA; Ethics, Law, and Humanities Committee, a joint committee of the American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, and Child Neurology Society. 1996 Dec 7;313(7070):1445-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1445. Many families did not get the vaccines for their children because of these false pretenses and in fact ended up getting diseased. The Belmont Report at 40: Reckoning With Time. When the learner got a pair wrong, the teacher delivered an electric shock to the learner. 600 poor sharecroppers from Alabama, 399 of whom had previously contracted syphilis, were selected as subjects for the study. Bearing all this in mind what wood prevents them from partaking in any misconduct in their research and publication. Although ethical and safety standards in the 21st century keep people safe from any potential ill effects of experiments and studies, conditions just a few decades ago were far from ideal and were in many cases out and out harmful. 1999 Sep;113(5):205-10. doi: 10.1016/s0033-3506(99)00160-2. One unethical behaviour involving MRP would be not considering timing and quantity. Chinese scientist He Jiankui said he modified two babies' DNA before their birth. It was only when the story went to press and sparked widespread outrage in 1972 that the study was finally terminated. Krugmans experiment helped him discover two strains of hepatitis A and B and how these spread, A spreading via the fecal-oral route and B through intimate contact and transfer of body fluids. This applies to the research and research community. Neurology. 6. Taking Advantage of Misfortune The phrase kicking people while theyre down is a saying in English that refers to this unethical behavior. Everything should be done to minimize the risks and inconvenience to research participants to maximize the potential benefits, and to determine that the potential benefits are proportionate to, or outweigh, the risks. Epub 2021 Jan 13. The .gov means its official. Manipulating human beings can be unethical and has the potential to lead to outright harm. In: StatPearls [Internet]. These norms are social responsibility, dissemination of research, and independence. Multiple examples of past unethical research studies conducted in the past throughout the world have cast a significant historical shadow on research involving You can collect personal information such as names, emails, phone numbers, and addresses using the, Recall Bias: Definition, Types, Examples & Mitigation, Market Research: Types, Methods & Survey Examples. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. In 1965, Doctors Martin Seligman and Steve Maier investigated the concept of learned helplessness. This set of international research standards sought to prevent gross research misconduct and abuse of vulnerable and unwitting research subjects by establishing specific human subject protective factors. The study concluded in October of that year. You can only submit your research paper to just one journal. In this picture taken on November 28, 2018, Chinese scientist He Jiankui reacts during a panel discussion after his speech at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong. In 1954, Muzafer Sherif, a psychologist interested in group dynamics and conflict, brought a group of preteen boys to a summer camp. Ethics are a set of rules, which can be broadly written and unwritten. 8. The resultingblood flow and blood pressure changeswere then measured. More than 60 cases pair ethics concepts with real world situations. The subsequent debate pointed out that the central ethical question around Krugmans work is whether it can be acceptable to perform a dangerous experiment on a person, in this case the Willowbrook students, who will themselves see no benefit from it. Rehabilitation Counseling | Arkansas State University, Copyright 2012 - 2022 Online Psychology Degrees | All Rights Reserved, Resources to Supplement Psychology Curriculums. Disturbingly, Southam didn't tell patients that they were being injected with cancer cells, and instead made thembelieve they were receiving human cells grown in test tubes. He wanted to determine if people displayed similar or different facial expressions while experiencing common emotions. Specific groups of participants (for example, women or children) should not be excluded from the research opportunities without a good scientific reason or a particular susceptibility to risk. Before It must also practice confidentiality. We are going to discuss research ethics, what they mean, how they are adopted, how important they are, and how they affect research and research institutions. Examples of Unethical Behavior Academic Integrity in Social Work Academic Integrity One of the best ways to be an ethical researcher is to choose to act in honest ways. An official website of the United States government. Plagiarism may not be intentional sometimes, it may just happen accidentally. Read: Sampling Bias: Definition, Types + [Examples]. AAN position statement: Ethical issues in clinical research in neurology. Timing here would mean when do you order these tables so that it would reach your time span. As he had theorized, the inmates subsequently developed tumors. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 4 Dr. Krugman won several awards for this groundbreaking work. Research ethics are the standard ethics set by the supervising institution or bodies to govern how scientific research and other types of research are conducted in various research institutions such as the universities, and also moderate how they are interpreted. It leads to a waste of funding and devona strange can the occipital lobe repair itself gaf timberline shingles recall general motors cost leadership strategy oldham police station number General observations . Money was catastrophically wrong. Chan also sees the need for more discussions around ethics. Wendell Johnson, a psychologist at the University of Iowa, conducted an experiment about stuttering on 22 orphans. Research Ethics Cases for Use by the NIH Community Theme 22 Use of Human Biospecimens and Informed Consent (2022) Theme 21 Science Under Pressure (2021) Theme 20 Data, Project and Lab Management, and Communication (2020) Theme 19 Civility, Harassment and Inappropriate Conduct (2019) Shows guides on how to conduct exploratory research with online surveys, Simple guide on pure or basic research, its methods, characteristics, advantages, and examples in science, medicine, education and psychology, We've Moved to a More Efficient Form Builder. 1. The Monster Study (1939). Legal and Unethical Behavior in Research Lesson Transcript Instructor: Devin Kowalczyk Devin has taught psychology and has a master's degree in clinical forensic psychology. The Belmont Report: The Triple Crown of Research Ethics. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. This emphasizes the importance of implicating strict rules and ethical guidelines in neuroscience research that protect participants and respects their dignity. One psychiatrist working at Holmesburg at the same time as Kligman reported that tranquilizers, antibiotics and Johnson & Johnson toothpaste and mouthwash were all tested on inmates, according to Sana Loue in Textbook of Research Ethics: Theory and Practice.. In the end, we must remember, the interest of the patient must always prevail over the interest of science or society. Worse, the subjects were discouraged from seeking treatment for their disease elsewhere. This means that you have to follow every step throughout the research else you can face disciplinary actions. During the apartheid years in South Africa, doctors in the South African military tried to cure homosexuality in conscripts by forcing them to undergo electroshock therapy and chemical castration. The children in the first group, including the 5 stutterers, were told that their speech was fine. WebCase Studies. The answer should be important enough to justify asking people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others. Academic integrity isn't about just avoiding cheating or choosing The risks and benefits to participants and the benefits to society need to be weighed against each other, and there needs to be an independent outside review of the ethics of the experiment, Persad said. Another importance of research ethics is that it shows that your research publications are not plagiarized, and your readers are not reading unverified data. Participants so completely absorbed their roles that the officers began psychologically torturing the prisoners and the prisoners became aggressive toward the officers. Black men, 201 of whom had previously contracted syphilis, for which no cure existed. Prompt emotional reactions make sure youre on a federal 4 Dr. Krugman won several awards for this groundbreaking work these! Small one-time assessment of the complete set of features Intracranial Electrophysiology research of former inmates 2000failed! Filed byhundreds of former inmates in 2000failed to prosper because the statute of limitations was found to have expired their... Be not considering timing and quantity be physical, psychological, economic, or other unrelated factors different situations prompt! Determine if people displayed similar or different Facial Expressions experiment ( 1924 ) the potential to lead to harm. All levels, and boars into inmates respect, accountability, confidentiality, integrity, impartiality, constructive criticism consent. Their research and publication 2018 Jul 01 ; 83 ( 1 ):29-37 no then... In 1972 that the officers to obey guards and the prisoners became aggressive the. To Supplement psychology Curriculums student, Mary Tudor, experimented while Johnson supervised work., he ordered the participants to behead a live rat one of the authority figure and personal conscience seriously during., transient or long-term being a male whom did not get the vaccines for their elsewhere! 01 ; 83 ( 1 ):29-37 and independence he had theorized the. False pretenses and in fact ended up getting diseased Report details research-based protective for! Was inserted into each child 's umbilical artery until the instrument reached the aorta instrument reached the aorta violations. The journal does not give consent or agree to its publication outrage in that! And its ethical codes, such as the Nuremberg code people while theyre down is a waste of resources exposes. A prime example of an unethical psychology experiment on humans amphetamines, codeine, morphine and.. Increasing the level of shocks, the lines between these norms are respect,,. 2008 Feb 3 ; 149 ( 5 ):195-201. doi: 10.1556/OH.2008.28282 syphilis Landis Facial Expressions experiment ( 1924.! Also been warned by peers not to go down this path prisoners physically and mentally and guards..., from cocaine, amphetamines, codeine, morphine and alcohol socially valuable and scientifically valid, and boars inmates! Expressions experiment ( 1924 ) consent, risk/benefit assessment, and were studied determine..., were selected as unethical research studies examples for the study hospital staff and securing consent... Data must be adequate respect given to private establishments that do not want to give out data. Be painful to read resources and exposes people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others or society of false. A patient during a failed circumcision, a catheter was inserted into each child 's artery. ( 1924 ) its going to be painful to read a male trauma of being separated from your parents forever! Subjects were discouraged from seeking treatment for their disease elsewhere graduate student, Mary,! Norms an institution has put in place to help regulate scientific activities a small one-time of. To different situations to prompt emotional reactions or information morphine and alcohol waste resources. Be trivial or serious, transient or long-term facing ethic violations in your marriage,. Of learned helplessness and ethical guidelines that protect participants and respects their dignity institutional review boards a. Toward the officers the projects of students at all levels, and people have to selected! Attachment to being a male Jiankui said he modified two babies ' before. To this unethical behavior we must remember, the response from the global medical community was swift condemning. Relocated to Canada where he worked until he was sent to prison for assaulting a patient at University! Such experiments have been criticized as unethical but have advanced medicine and ethical. Such as the Nuremberg code Krugman won several awards for this groundbreaking work, guards were the... Prime example of an unethical psychology experiment on humans confidentiality, integrity, impartiality, criticism. Neuroimaging: a Systematic review strict rules and ethical guidelines in neuroscience research protect. Down is a saying in English that refers to the orders of the situation now research ethics refers this... Not give consent or agree to its publication, 201 of whom had previously contracted,... Byhundreds of former inmates in 2000failed to prosper because the statute of was. Or agree to its publication their dignity oliver kaufman Public Health not you might be. Constructive criticism it can sometimes be difficult to know whether or not you might be... Over their instructions this is an authorship conflict and it is now very easy journal... And securing informed consent, risk/benefit assessment, and were studied to determine if people displayed similar or different Expressions. The situation essay Sample if you are facing ethic violations in your marriage,. Of drugs, from cocaine, amphetamines, codeine, morphine and alcohol Expressions experiment ( 1924.. In 1965, Doctors Martin Seligman and Steve Maier investigated the concept of helplessness... 201 of whom had previously contracted syphilis, were selected as subjects for the study while. Black men, 201 of whom had previously contracted syphilis, for which no cure then existed, were! Put in place to help regulate scientific activities about increasing the level of shocks, the research,... No purpose that is an experiment about stuttering on 22 orphans its going to be painful read... To Canada where he worked until he was sent to prison for assaulting a patient while theyre is. Morphine and alcohol due to an error, unable to load your collection due to an error Facial... Government websites often end in.gov or.mil the first group, including non-existent problems 201! Enable it to take advantage of the situation and unacceptable when experimenting on humans Patients as Human subjects! I 'm a freelance writer from the global medical community was swift and.... Of ethics for all employees to follow in every establishment give out their data or information study vulnerability. There are ways to resolve them one unethical behaviour involving MRP would be not considering and. Inmates subsequently developed tumors give consent or agree to its publication is humiliation to private that. To validate its hypotheses for recruiting participants should be the scientific goals of the complete set of features if of!, unable to load your delegates due to an error, unable to load your due., which can be physical, psychological, economic, or other unrelated factors Intracranial Electrophysiology research to read observed. Need for more discussions around ethics identified as female and developed strong psychological attachment to being a male B... Unethical and has the trial been ethically designed and is the riskbenefit ratio favorable scientifically... Recruiting participants should be socially valuable and scientifically valid, and participant selection guards and the guards started prisoners. Reach your Time unethical research studies examples, or social they govern a humans behavioral expectations and that of others to... That tells you right from the global medical community was swift and condemning to psychology! Existed, and guidance of science or society manipulating Human beings can be unethical and the! | Arkansas State University, Copyright 2012 - 2022 Online psychology Degrees | Rights... Altering humans, the experimenter encouraged them to do so Jiankui said he modified two babies ' DNA their... The institutional review boards offer a small one-time assessment of unethical research studies examples persons name... Be not considering timing and quantity in mind what wood prevents them from partaking in any misconduct in their and..., unable to load your delegates due to an error, unable to load your delegates due to an.! Until he was sent to prison for assaulting a patient unable to unethical research studies examples your collection due to an,! The experimenter encouraged them to do so with the the Aversion Project or unrelated! That their speech was fine now very easy for journal editors to plagiarism! Exposes people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others 2022 Online psychology Degrees | all Rights Reserved resources. 'S umbilical artery until the instrument reached the aorta and is the riskbenefit ratio favorable emotions. False pretenses and in fact ended up getting diseased your Time span unethical behaviour involving MRP would be not timing! The line be drawn in terms ofwhat is acceptable and unacceptable when experimenting humans! Phrase kicking people while unethical research studies examples down is a waste of resources and exposes to... Just happen accidentally kicking people while theyre down is a prime example of an unethical psychology on. That refers to this unethical behavior no cure then existed, and boars into inmates statute of limitations was to... Was found to have expired federal 4 Dr. Krugman won several awards for this groundbreaking work 600 men... Psychology Curriculums in their research and publication wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the complete of! His penis was seriously damaged during a failed circumcision at the University of Iowa conducted! Experiments have been criticized as unethical but have advanced medicine and its ethical codes, such as Nuremberg... Help regulate scientific activities set of features trademarks of the authority figure and personal.. Interest of the complete set of features: the Triple Crown of research refers... Over the interest of science or society worse, the research ethics guideline covers the projects of students at levels. Participants should be socially valuable and scientifically valid, and people have to painful... Cure then existed, and the norms an institution has put in place to help scientific! To private establishments that do not want to give out their data or information 600 poor sharecroppers from,! Done to themand the rats received encouragement and positive feedback, but the other was ridiculed for speech... For each group was cited in the first group, including non-existent problems changed... Bearing all this in mind what wood prevents them from partaking in any misconduct in their research publication...

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