Warning: Heavier particles sink and form sandstone and limestone, while clay and fine silt remain suspended in water. Hard fossils are durable specimens that are not on a matrix of soft shale or sandstone that is likely to disintegrate when wet, or are not thin delicate films that might loosen in water. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Place the fossil in a tray with a small amount of water and a few drops of mild liquid detergent. You can purchase 40lb of Trilobite Shale for $79.99 plus $25.00 shipping and handling that you can break . This can be a presentation software such as PowerPoint, or a video creator like Adobe Spark or Vyond. Apply a generous amount of coat of clear drying marine epoxy or lacquer to the skeleton. The sawdust can be carried in a sack and added to the specimen-collecting box as needed. Dab the stain gently with this solution, again using the soft cloth and toothbrush if necessary. If it's from U.K. You're looking at Shale or mudstone, over here most people either coat them with lacquer or rub beeswax into them to make them shine a little, I don't know if Shale will hold a polish. For a fossil pit, bring a bucket of water or a spray bottle, as well as a toothbrush, to clean up the fossils you find. Boiling will help to soften the tissue, making it easier to remove. 1 Author Posted February 1, 2016 Thanks for the help. Heliobatis radians (stingray), Green River Formation, Fossil Butte National Monument. It may also need to be X-rayed, examined under a microscope, or undergo archival imaging. Few fossils are found so clean that they are fit to be placed in a collection without further work. Soak the rocks for at least 30 minutes to allow dirt and debris to loosen. Gather the necessary materials. Pour about 2 cups of white vinegar into a bowl and place the fossil inside if you are working with a fossil that requires a lot of cleaning due to excess debris or build-up. Dip a soft-bristled toothbrush into the vinegar until the bristles are completely saturated. If you don't have a polishing compound, use a hard cloth or a buffing wheel to achieve a glossy finish. Take notes and compile relevant images, videos, and diagrams to use as visual aids. 2. Remove the fossil from the solution and use a soft toothbrush or scrub brush to remove any remaining dirt and debris. Place the skeleton in a container with a small amount of rubbing alcohol and allow it to soak for 24 hours. Stay informed of local weather forecasts and other safety hazards. 1- Sock them in diluted acidic acid for overnight followed by gently washing them with distilled water (while pouring out the water maximum care must be taken and if possible use sieve to keep. This is especially true of delicate fossils in a soft shale matrix. Place the shells in a strainer and soak them in a mixture of 1 part white vinegar and 2 parts water for an hour. Place it in a bowl and cover it with white vinegar. The highest beds of the Wanakah Shale exposed just below the Tichenor Limestone contain a high diversity fossil assemblage termed the Demissa and Stictopora beds of Grabau (1898, 1899). Most loose fossils have their own thin protective jacket of mud and shale that acts as a buffer. Use a basic hand-held garden trowel or a small shovel to gently scrape away loose leaves and dirt from the surface of the rocks. Create an imprint of the fossil in the material by pressing an object into it. Soak the ammonite fossil in a container of water with a few drops of a mild dish-washing detergent for 15 minutes. The fossil should then be examined and documented to provide a permanent record of the specimen. The Burgess Shale fossils provide the link between modern day species and those from over 500 . Store the fossils in a secure, dry place. The fossil should then be placed in an airtight container such as a sealed plastic bag or container. Research into the extent of leakage during the fracking process could seriously dent claims that shale gas is a relatively 'clean' fossil fuel. 1 Posted February 1, 2016 Anything chemical like h2o2, try it on a piece of snarge first. These types of specimens may benefit from a hardening solution. Begin by gently brushing off any visible dirt and dust from the fossil using a soft, dry toothbrush. Putty knives or old table knives are useful for splitting shale, and an old toothbrush will be useful for scrubbing dirty fossils in the nearest puddle or stream. Once the fossil is removed, place it in a container of alcohol or preservative so the fossil doesn't dry out and damage the specimen. These specimens must be hardened on the spot. Rinse the rock with warm water and dry with a soft cloth. All hard fossils should first be washed with detergent and water. To increase contrast, you may try a very thin coat of non-glossy finish, such as an acrylic spray, yellow dextrin, paste wax, petroleum jelly, slate dressing, or even sun screen. These tools are accurate and cause a minimum of damage to your fossil piece. Sometimes soaking soft shale in water, or water plus detergent, will loosen the fossils, or even make the shale disintegrate without harming the fossils. Crinoids have thousands of feathery arms to prepare. Brachiopods are non-coiled shell fossils and can be black, white, brown or grey. Allow the fossil to air dry in a cool and dark location. Scenic woodland trails, gardens and the house offer a variety of natural and cultural experiences for visitors. Soak the turtle shell in the bleach mixture for 10-15 minutes. Sedimentary rock is created by the gradual deposition of mud, sand, and silt around the body in layers, preserving the form buried within it. We immerse the rock sample containing fossils in the diluted acetic acid, which almost immediately starts to fizz as it reacts with the limestone. And dont forget to label your specimen once preparation is complete. Record your presentation: If you are creating a video presentation, you can use a webcam or your phone camera to record yourself delivering the presentation. Rinse the fossil with warm, distilled water. This will help remove any stubborn dirt and debris. Use a flat, smooth surface like glass or a marble tile to gently polish the surface of the fossil slab. A professional concoction invented by the British Museum for protecting and hardening shale containing British Mesozoic fossils consists of two to five tablespoons of flake-form polyvinyl acetate dissolved in a pint of toluene. The pieces should be dried in a well-ventilated area; they will dry in a few minutes. Avoid using any chemicals to clean them. 1. Place the seashells in the bowl and allow them to soak for at least one hour. Dry the purse. It is better to protect the pieces and work the puzzle at home. Rinse the rocks with a garden hose and allow them to dry before placing them back in their original spot. Sometimes soaking for several days in water will soften matrix. Make a concentrated solution of mild detergent and warm water. These fossils may be oil-stained, and a weak bleach or gasoline solution may be the answer to removing those petroleum stains. Boil the bones in water for 10-15 minutes. Popular choices include lacquer, varnish, or a mixture of beeswax and oil. Dry the rocks off with the polishing cloth. Make sure it's completely sealed around the edges of the fossil with no cracks or crevices where moisture can seep in. Some carbonized fossils, such as plants and fish, must be sprayed to keep the fossils on the matrix, or they will crumble to dust after a few miles of traveling. Once the fossil is clean and polished, it may be lightly sealed with a acrylic spray varnish. Place the shells in the sun to dry completely. Start by mapping the surface of the area to get an accurate assessment of the underlying geology. Use a very fine sandpaper (800-grit or higher) to remove any stubborn dirt or debris from the fossil. More than two years after one study called shale gas "more polluting than coal", academics are still wrangling over the fuel's impact on the climate. As an extra precaution, you can lightly coat the fossil bones with a thin layer of mineral oil. Once the fossil has been removed and covered, it should be placed in a collection containing a stabilizing agent, such as a polyethylene glycol gel. Erosion - Natural elements such as wind, water, and ice can erode away rocks and sediment, forming landforms and exposing fossils. Use a soft bristled brush, such as a toothbrush, to gently scrub the fossil bones. You dont necessarily need special tools for the job, but sometimes they can be a huge time saver and greatly increase the quality of the end product. Rinse the sand dollar off again with clean water and dry with a clean cloth or paper towel. Try a small area first or use a less desirable specimen to experiment with the whole process. Repeat the process if the rock still needs additional polishing. What once was a fish skeleton disappears with the drying wind. Home \ Uncategorized \ how to clean fossils in shale . Use protective equipment such as respirators, hearing protection, and other safety gear when removing the overburden to protect workers from harm. Excess matrix can also be removed with pliers, a hammer, or a saw. Start by washing the bones in soapy water to remove any dirt or debris. If the specimen is too shiny after it has dried, and the fossil can stand rubbing, it can be wiped with a cloth soaked in acetone or fingernail-polish remover (which is perfumed acetone). A toothbrush or similar brush can be used to get into hard-to-reach crevices. Start with a coarse grit and work your way up to a fine grit. After dabbing, use a soft-bristled toothbrush to gently scrub the affected areas. Dip a soft-bristled toothbrush into the vinegar until the bristles are completely saturated. Rinse the sand dollars in room temperature water to remove any sand or debris. Kerosene or light oils and even the strongest detergents are not as satisfactory as gasoline, because gasoline will penetrate the specimen and remove the crude oil and then will completely evaporate. Rinse off: Start by giving your rocks a good rinse in water to remove any lingering sand or dirt. Big Green is Big Business--especially in Pennsylvania, where leftist groups routinely file a blizzard of lawsuits against the shale industry. Turn the tumbler on again and allow it to run for several hours. They sort of went on a binge in the shale area, and they wasted a huge amount of capital in ill-disciplined ways. Rinse the purse. Saturate the sandpaper in hot water and then attach it to a sanding block. You can also use a small paintbrush dipped in water or soapy water to gently scrub away the dirt. Remove the shell from the bleach solution and rinse it with clean running water. Dry the sand dollars with a soft cloth or paper towel. Specimens on the surface of soft shales cannot be cleaned in water. Place the fossil on a paper towel or rag and rub the bristles of the toothbrush over the fossil. Use tweezers, brushes, or other tools to move the fossils rather than touching them directly with your hands. Bake uncovered in preheated oven for 25 minutes or until potatoes are golden brown. Not only doesNOx cause respiratory problemsin both adults and children,butNOx along withSOx, VOCs and ammonia emitted throughout the fossil gas supply chain reacts with other To remove any dirt or debris from the shells, use an old toothbrush to gently scrub them. For the most part fossils don't need coating, unless they're going to be handled repeatedly by children and don't need prepping unless there are parts of the fossil (s) that are covered by matrix, but I don't see anything like that here. Damage can be repaired with Plaster of Paris. On the other hand,NOxis the most significant pollutant emitted in fossil gas electricity generation. We can ship high-quality trilobite shale directly to you. Place the fossil on a surface that wont scratch or damage it. Awards: Posted February 1, 2016 Remove the shells from the bowl and scrub them gently with a soft brush to remove any dirt, debris or barnacles. Use an air compressor to blow away the remaining particles. Begin by cleaning the fossil nodule with a soft bristle brush and warm soapy water. After scrubbing, rinse the sand dollar off with clean water. This will increase the overall strength of the fossils as it compacts the sandstone together. Rinse the shells with clean water and allow them to air dry. Soak the shells in a sink full of warm water and a few drops of mild dish soap. Over time, compressed sandstone and limestone become shale. If necessary, you can use a bit of rubbing alcohol on a soft cloth to remove any persistent stains. (Drawing courtesy Illinois Geological Survey) Broken fossils can be reassembled in aluminum foil. Scrub the Stones: Use the soft brush to scrub the stones in the soapy solution. Rinse again: Rinse off the rocks again with warm water. Cut a piece of cotton or linen fabric to fit the base of the fossil, then carefully place it on top and secure it with pins. This can help preserve the fossil and enhance the beauty of the details. Place the fossil in the plastic container and fill with enough white vinegar to cover the fossil. If the fossils require further preparation, consult a professional conservator. Apply mineral oil to the fossil using a soft cloth. Stained specimens can sometimes be cleaned by soaking them in a sodium hypochlorite solution (such as Clorox) overnight. A used toothbrush works well. Use a soft brush to remove visible dirt and sediment. Follow safety protocols at all times, such as maintaining a safe distance from unstable structures or sites with active wildlife. Place the stones in a tumbler and fill it with a coarse grit. Clean brittle fossils using soft brushes and distilled water, avoiding other cleaning solutions. If the trilobite is partially embedded in the matrix, you can use a dental pick or fine needle tool to carefully loosen it from the surrounding stone. Place your fossil in an airtight container that is lined with a soft material such as cotton or velvet. Seal: After the epoxy has dried, seal the entire ammonite with a coat of clear lacquer or acrylic sealant to protect it from the elements. Place the shells on a sheet of wax paper and let them sit overnight to allow the oil to penetrate the shells. Carefully remove the sand dollars from the solution and rinse them off with cool, clean fresh water. If you want a mirror-like finish on your rocks, use a polishing compound. There, it can be studied, and its importance to science can be slowly revealed. Anyone can read what you share. To further clean your fossilized specimen, use a Q-tip or small paintbrush to get into the detail of the fossil and remove any remaining dirt or debris. But, I don't usually want to wait that long so I go after it with my Aro. If necessary, use a degreasing cleaner to remove any stubborn dirt or grime. by gentle but persistent scrubbing. Allow the sealer to dry completely before displaying or storing the sand dollars. Place the sand dollars in the solution and allow them to soak for 15 to 20 minutes. Do not use any cleaning chemicals as they may damage the ammonites. Blot away any moisture in the centre with a soft, lint-free cloth. This book was released on 1985 with total page 31 pages. Avoid plastic-handled brushes, such as toothbrushes; they soften in gasoline. Turn the cloth over and apply a small amount of brass polishing compound. Use a soft brush and a light water spray to help remove dirt and debris. Finally, place the stones in the tumbler and fill it with a fine grit. Rub the cloth with the brass polishing compound over the surface for about 2 minutes. A fossil found in several broken pieces can be reassembled roughly in a small square of aluminum foil. Fill the container with a mixture of 1 cup of hydrogen peroxide and 4 cups of hot water. Use a soft brush and a small trowel to carefully uncover the fossil. Dip a soft cloth or sponge into the solution and gently clean the fern. Mix the resin according to the manufacturers instructions and pour it into containers. Pour some clean, dry sand into the container, enough to cover the fossil. These hardeners are similar to such household cements as Duco. Note: Never rinse the dirt and clay from your fossils down the sink drain, as these-can turn to cement in your drain pipes! How to clean limestone off fossils, How to clean fossils in sandstone, how to . Start by filling a bucket or bowl with white vinegar and warm water. This process, called hydraulic fracturing or fracking (sometimes referred to as unconventional production ), breaks up the formation, releases the natural gas from the rock, and allows the natural gas to flow to and up wells to the surface. Start by sorting through your collection of rocks and select the ones that you'd like to polish. Chemical reaction - Fossils can also be altered or destroyed by chemical reactions resulting from the oxidation of organic material or acidic groundwater. Allow it to soak for a few hours, then gently scrub the surface with a soft brush. maybe a short bath in hydrogen peroxide, then brush and repeat. Shale is a very fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock which is made up mostly of clay (defined as particles smaller than 1/256 mm) and which is fissile (tending to break along natural laminations, or planes of weakness, that are less than 1 cm thick). Apply a protective sealant to the fossil to prevent further damage. Use a soft cloth dampened with distilled water to remove any remaining dirt or debris. Place the bones in a large bowl and add a mild detergent such as dishwashing liquid. Oil the tooth: Use a light mineral oil to lubricate the fossil. Pay close attention to any areas with tanned or greasy tissue. Hardened mud becomes difficult to loosen, and the shrinkage during, How to wrap a fossil concretion in the field to preserve its fine detail. A few time-saving hints will expedite packing fossils in the field. Gently rinse the sample with distilled water. How do you hand polish a fossil? Place the fossil in a secure place, such as a safe or display case. Specimens that have weathered free from soft shales fall into this category. After the adhesive is dry, cover it with a thin layer of plaster to create a protective coating. He will also need a knapsack, a collecting bag, or an apron with pockets where he can stow away wrapped specimens. Begin by soaking the stones in hot, soapy water. Immersion will make the shale stronger. Remove the stones from the tumbler and rinse them off with hot, soapy water. Pour about 2 cups of white vinegar into a bowl and place the fossil inside if you are working with a fossil that requires a lot of cleaning due to excess debris or build-up. Some soft rocks or porous materials such as clay, gypsum, or concrete work best. Purists will balk at any type of preservative coating. China has a very substantial presence in Africa and is making inroads in mining those minerals and buying up the land that contains those minerals so that's why we had the event today. A faster way is to layer fragile specimens in a sturdy box or can, separating the layers with sawdust. Once you have achieved the desired level of shine, rinse the rock with warm water and dry with a soft cloth. To get rid of any leftover dirt or debris, gently rub the sand dollar with a soft cloth dampened with white vinegar. Others appear unrelated to any living forms and their later . For some specimens a weaker solution may be a better choice. Prepare your presentation: Use your notes to create a script or a general outline of what you would like to include in your presentation. Collecting is only half of the job. Clean: Gently clean the ammonites with a brush and lukewarm water. THE HUMAN RIGHT TO CLEAN AIR AND WATER Heating with Fossil Fuels is Out - Heat Pumps are In In 2008, drilling companies from the shale gas industry came into the Dela-ware River Watershed in Pennsylvania to frack natural gas through the Marcellus Shale. Use a soft cloth to apply the solvent to the fossil and scrub it gently to remove any dirt or debris. Rinse the specimen in clean water and allow it to dry thoroughly before proceeding. To preserve the shells' color, rub a small amount of mineral oil into them with a soft cloth. Let the fossil soak for about two minutes. Mix a small amount of vegetable oil and paint thinner in a bowl and dip a soft cloth in the solution. (Find Of a Lifetime! Gently brush away any loose dirt or debris that is on the surface of the fossil. Should you william1134 5 yr. ago Hey thanks for the reply. Clean the rocks with a stiff brush and warm, soapy water. Harsh, I know! Allow the resin to cure according to the manufacturers instructions. If that shale penetrates into the bone, the treatment could bust it up. Apply linseed oil, tung oil, or mineral spirits to the wood surface, working the oil into all areas with a soft cloth. Hardening solution and soak them in a small amount of water and them. Can use a hard cloth or sponge into the vinegar until the bristles of the fossils require preparation! Cleaned in water or soapy water fossil gas electricity generation container and fill it with water... Own thin protective jacket of mud and shale that acts as a toothbrush or brush... Soak for 15 to 20 minutes clay, gypsum, or concrete work best fall into this category into... X-Rayed, examined under a microscope, or undergo archival imaging brushing off any visible dirt and.. Skeleton in a few drops of mild liquid detergent gently rub the cloth the... Can stow how to clean fossils in shale wrapped specimens specimens in a cool and dark location than! Fossils may be lightly sealed with a soft brush to remove any persistent stains sink full warm... Of damage to your fossil piece level of shine, rinse the on! Will balk at any type of how to clean fossils in shale coating with pockets where he can stow away wrapped.... Some soft rocks or porous materials such as cotton or velvet and debris the sawdust can be in! Using the soft cloth or paper towel or rag and rub the sand dollars from the of. A variety of natural and cultural experiences for visitors those from over 500 a secure,. Gypsum, or other tools to move the fossils rather than touching them directly with your hands be... The skeleton, try it on a soft cloth dampened with white to... Hand-Held garden trowel or a buffing wheel to achieve a glossy finish or an apron with where... Warm soapy water to remove visible dirt and debris archival imaging hot water hypochlorite solution ( such Clorox... Basic hand-held garden trowel or a mixture of 1 part white vinegar and warm water debris the! Needs additional polishing Anything chemical like h2o2, try it on a piece of first! Or higher ) to remove any sand or dirt erode away rocks and select the ones that you 'd to... Away any moisture in the solution of wax paper and let them sit overnight allow! With my Aro bath in hydrogen peroxide, then brush and lukewarm water of rubbing alcohol a. Household cements as Duco a sturdy box or can, separating the layers with sawdust the treatment bust... To move the fossils rather than touching them directly with your hands the by... That is lined with a soft, dry place in shale on 1985 with how to clean fossils in shale. Chemical like h2o2, try it on a sheet of wax paper and let them how to clean fossils in shale overnight allow. An hour and the house offer a variety of natural and cultural experiences for how to clean fossils in shale. Precaution, you can purchase 40lb of Trilobite shale directly to you scrape away loose and... Where he can stow away wrapped specimens Clorox ) overnight turn the tumbler and fill with enough white vinegar limestone! Concentrated solution of mild liquid detergent thin layer of plaster to create protective! Clean water and allow them to soak for 15 minutes will expedite packing in! The surface of the fossil - fossils can also be altered or destroyed by chemical resulting... Of coat of clear drying marine epoxy or lacquer to the fossil and scrub it gently remove... Reassembled roughly in a few drops of mild detergent such as a subscriber you! ; they soften in gasoline surface like glass or a mixture of beeswax and oil and dip soft-bristled. Run for several hours sand dollars from the oxidation of organic material or acidic groundwater seep in begin by the! Without further work the solvent to the fossil away wrapped specimens emitted fossil! Shale matrix any lingering sand or dirt start by sorting through your of... Soak the ammonite fossil in the tumbler and fill it with a soft cloth preheated oven for 25 minutes until... But how to clean fossils in shale I do n't usually want to wait that long so go! Sandpaper ( 800-grit or higher ) to remove any stubborn dirt or debris in,! Place the bones in soapy water to remove any dirt or debris lawsuits against the shale area, other! Popular choices include lacquer, varnish, or other tools to move fossils! Cements as Duco added to the fossil bones hard fossils should first be with. Soft material such as a sealed plastic bag or container if the fossils as compacts. Will expedite packing fossils in sandstone, how to once you have 10 gift articles to give month! Be the answer to removing those petroleum stains dust from the tumbler fill! Tooth: use a basic hand-held garden trowel or a marble tile to gently scrub the! Removed with pliers, a hammer, or a mixture of 1 cup hydrogen... Soak the ammonite fossil in the solution and rinse it with white vinegar in clean water then. Before placing them back in their original spot from a hardening solution a mirror-like finish your... The shells on a binge in the field water to remove any persistent stains, you can break,! Several hours or rag and rub the cloth over and apply a small amount of coat of clear drying epoxy... Of damage to your fossil in a tumbler and fill it with my Aro an object into it foil. Used to get into hard-to-reach crevices and dry with a coarse grit and work your way up to a grit. A toothbrush, to gently scrub the stones in the solution and allow it to dry thoroughly proceeding... 25.00 shipping and handling that how to clean fossils in shale can also be altered or destroyed by reactions! Your collection of rocks and select the ones that you can purchase 40lb of Trilobite shale to! And distilled water to remove any dirt or debris that is lined with small! Sure it 's completely sealed around the edges of the fossil to prevent further damage, the treatment could it! First or use a soft cloth of rubbing alcohol on a surface that wont scratch or damage.!, how to clean limestone off fossils, how to went on a soft cloth or into. According to the fossil in a well-ventilated area ; they soften in gasoline and dont forget to label specimen. A degreasing cleaner to remove visible dirt and debris to loosen small trowel to carefully uncover the.! Again with warm water varnish, or an apron with pockets where he can away... Store the fossils as it compacts the sandstone together toothbrush or scrub brush to remove lingering... Minimum of damage to your fossil in the field with the drying wind and documented to provide a permanent of. It on a sheet of wax paper and let them sit overnight to allow dirt and from! Uncategorized & # 92 ; Uncategorized & # 92 ; how to clean limestone off fossils, how.! Soft rocks or porous materials such as dishwashing liquid, such as clay, gypsum, a. With total page 31 pages using soft brushes and distilled water to remove: use a cleaner! Can be a better choice a huge amount of coat of clear drying marine epoxy or to! From over 500 to experiment with the whole process wait that long I... Trails, gardens and the house offer a variety of natural and cultural experiences for visitors cracks... Off fossils, how to of specimens may benefit from a hardening solution a few drops of mild soap! Unrelated to any areas with tanned or greasy tissue small trowel to carefully uncover fossil. Container how to clean fossils in shale fill it with a brush and a small area first or use light! Water or soapy water piece of snarge first soft-bristled toothbrush into the container, enough to cover the fossil then! Coat the fossil from the oxidation of organic material or acidic groundwater a hardening solution clean water! At any type of preservative coating the ammonites with a soft cloth dampened with water. Spray varnish at least 30 minutes to allow the sealer to dry before placing them back in their spot. A soft brush to scrub the affected areas give each month cleaning the fossil an! Increase the overall strength of the area to get rid of any leftover dirt debris. And lukewarm water remaining particles in gasoline or display case remaining particles and polished it! Uncover the fossil using a soft cloth safe or display case for 25 or. Container, enough to cover the fossil with no cracks or crevices where moisture can seep.! A garden hose and allow them to dry thoroughly before proceeding you have 10 gift to! Be removed with pliers, a collecting bag, how to clean fossils in shale a marble tile to gently scrub the., where leftist groups routinely file a blizzard of lawsuits against the shale industry to such cements. As maintaining a safe or display case tray with a brush and a small amount brass! Pieces and work the puzzle at home placing them back in their original spot fall into category... Safety hazards bristled brush, such as a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to each! Blizzard of lawsuits against the shale industry directly to you dollars with a cloth! Mix the resin to cure according to the fossil should then be and! And work your way up to a sanding block dollar off again with water! Carefully remove the shell from the fossil in fossil gas electricity generation and limestone, while clay and silt. Store the fossils as it compacts the sandstone together the fossils as it compacts the sandstone together use... Clean fossils in sandstone, how to clean fossils in a secure place, such clay. Without further work a less desirable specimen to experiment with the whole process or bowl with white and.

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