Why are lithium hydrides covalent in nature? This worksheet is divided into two parts: (1) a fill-in-the-blanks section that reviews the nature of ionic and covalent bonds; and (2) a . Individual hydrogen bonds are weak and easily broken, but many hydrogen bonds together can be very strong. Some ionic bonds contain covalent characteristics and some covalent bonds are partially ionic. At the ideal interatomic distance, attraction between these particles releases enough energy to facilitate the reaction. Another example of a nonpolar covalent bond is found in methane (, Table showing water and methane as examples of molecules with polar and nonpolar bonds, respectively. Chemical bonds hold molecules together and create temporary connections that are essential to life. Otherwise, it is polar. Because this element is located in Group 17, or 7A, on the periodic table, it will ionize to form an anion with a1 charge. The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons is called electronegativity. State the charge pattern for main group element ionization. However, if one of the peripheral \(\ce{H}\) atoms is replaced with another atom that has a different electronegativity, the molecule becomes polar. Lithium is a metal; during ionic bonding, lithium loses an electron to become the ion Li+ . So it's basically the introduction to cell structures. These weak bonds keep the DNA stable, but also allow it to be opened up for copying and use by the cell. a) NH4Cl b) (NH4)2CO3 c) (NH4)3PO3 d) NH4CH3CO2 e) NH4HSO4. Why beryllium is covalent not ionic? 30 seconds. Figure out the geometry (using VSEPR theory), Find the net dipole moment (you don't have to actually do calculations if you can visualize it). However, this reaction is highly favorable because of the electrostatic attraction between the particles. There is already a negative charge on oxygen. A molecule with two poles is called a dipole (see figure below). Furthermore, since all subsequent procedural steps are dependent on that initial valence electron count,all elements in the same group will gain or lose the same number of electrons to achieve an octet configuration. The case in point is N a C bond, which has a ( E. N) = 1.6 ( E. N. = electronegativity) but is considered an ionic bond. This creates a spectrum of polarity, with ionic (polar) at one extreme, covalent (nonpolar) at another, and polar covalent in the middle. 1. But in "Polar Covalent Bonds," it says, "In a water molecule (above), the bond connecting the oxygen to each hydrogen is a polar bond." Because the number of electrons is no longer equal to the number of protons, each atom is now an ion and has a +1 (Na. Therefore, the statement, LiCl is covalent while NaCl is ionic is true. In a polar covalent bond, sometimes simply called a polar bond, the distribution of electrons around the molecule is no longer symmetrical. Then in "Hydrogen Bonds," it says, "In a polar covalent bond containing hydrogen (e.g., an O-H bond in a water molecule)" If a water molecule is an example of a polar covalent bond, how does the hydrogen bond in it conform to their definition of van dear Waals forces, which don't involve covalent bonds? Ionic bonds require at least one electron donor and one electron acceptor. SO3 . The figure below shows a comparison between carbon dioxide and water. A hydrogen-bond is a specific type of strong intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction between a partially positively-charged hydrogen atom and a partially negatively-charged atom that is highly electronegative, namely N, O, and F, the 3 most electronegative elements in the periodic table. Answer: lithium fluoride ( LiF ) is ionic bond What is chemical bond, ionic bond, covalent bond? Both strong and weak bonds play key roles in the chemistry of our cells and bodies. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows the charge pattern for main group element ionization. 2. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The elements that is unlikely for form covalent bond are K and Ar. In a polar covalent bond, a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms in order to fulfill their octets, but the electrons lie closer to one end of the bond than the other. This is because sodium chloride ionic compounds form a gigantic lattice structure due to the electrostatic attractions between the individual ions. Legal. However, the following properties are typical of such molecules. Does lithium make ionic or covalent bonds? For instance, positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions bond together to form sodium chloride, or table salt, a crystalline molecule with zero net charge. Here is the link. This interaction is called a. Hydrogen bonds are common, and water molecules in particular form lots of them. A bond may be so polar that an electron actually transfers from one atom to another, forming a true ionic bond. 4. The two electrically charged regions on either end of the molecule are called poles, similar to a magnet having a north and a south pole. HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 64 HODDER GIBSON MODEL Both the strong bonds that hold molecules together and the weaker bonds that create temporary connections are essential to the chemistry of our bodies, and to the existence of life itself. Beryllium chloride is covalent. Mentioning: 18 - Covalent organic frameworks (COF) displayed strong affinity between COF and Li + in terms of previous works. The groups marked with an "X" do not contain main group elements that ionize. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. A covalent bond forms when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur to . How many covalent bonds can lithium form? Sodium transfers one of its valence electrons to chlorine, resulting in formation of a sodium ion (with no electrons in its 3n shell, meaning a full 2n shell) and a chloride ion (with eight electrons in its 3n shell, giving it a stable octet). A diatomic molecule that consists of a polar covalent bond, such as \(\ce{HF}\), is a polar molecule. Ionic bonds require at least one electron donor and one electron acceptor. This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table. How does that work? Direct link to Eleanor's post What is the sense of 'cel, Posted 6 years ago. As lithium donates an electron so it forms a cation or gets a positive charge Li+. But, then, why no hydrogen or oxygen is observed as a product of pure water? No. Most metal elements/atoms lose electrons when they form the ionic bonds with other elements. status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In this example, a phosphorous atom is sharing its three unpaired electrons with three chlorine atoms. Because this element is located in Group 17, or 7A, on the periodic table, it will ionize to form an anion with a -1 charge. I'm totally confused about whether lithium forms ionic hydrides. Because lithium is the smallest element in group 1, the attraction between the outer electrons and the nucleus is stronger in lithium compounds. Back to the original question. Does lithium make ionic or covalent bonds? What is happening in a covalent bond? The relative number of protons and electrons in the new ion were compared, in order to find the charge of the resultant ion, which was then incorporated in an ion symbol. A trigonal planar molecule \(\left( \ce{BF_3} \right)\) may be nonpolar if all three peripheral atoms are the same, but a trigonal pyramidal molecule \(\left( \ce{NH_3} \right)\) is polar. Even in gaseous HCl, the charge is not distributed evenly. Explain how polar compounds differ from nonpolar compounds. 1 views . This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals; however, it can also be observed between nonmetals and metals. Scientists can manipulate ionic properties and these interactions in order to form desired products. Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom or having atoms with different electronegativities bonded. Direct link to Dhiraj's post The London dispersion for, Posted 8 years ago. The London dispersion forces occur so often and for little of a time period so they do make somewhat of a difference. Name the following Covalent Compounds:! In this type of bond, the metal atoms each contribute their valence electrons to a big, shared, cloud of electrons. Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. Explain. The anhydrous form of lithium bromide produces cubic crystals. Thus, the bond is covalent. Draw structures for the following compounds that include this ion. Legal. However, other kinds of more temporary bonds can also form between atoms or molecules. Recall that the noble gases, the elements found in Group 18 or8A, are naturally stable, because they inherently possessan octet of valence electrons. { Bonding_in_Organic_Compounds : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Chemical_Reactivity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Electronegativity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Functional_Groups : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Functional_groups_A : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Homolytic_C-H_Bond_Dissociation_Energies_of_Organic_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", How_to_Draw_Organic_Molecules : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Hybrid_Orbitals : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Index_of_Hydrogen_Deficiency_(IHD)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Intermolecular_Forces : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lewis_Structures : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Nomenclature : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Organic_Acids_and_Bases : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Oxidation_States_of_Organic_Molecules : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Reactive_Intermediates : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Resonance_Forms : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Rotation_in_Substituted_Ethanes : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Solubility_-_What_dissolves_in_What?" 3.5: Ionic Bonding: Using the Periodic Table to Predict Main Group Ion Charges is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Both of these bonds are important in organic chemistry. A polar molecule is a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative. Direct link to Felix Hernandez Nohr's post What is the typical perio, Posted 7 years ago. For example, most carbon-based compounds are covalently bonded but can also be partially ionic. A 2-page worksheet product designed for a typical middle school / early high school unit on chemical bonds that reviews the skills of drawing ionic and covalent bond diagrams and naming chemical compounds. A common scale for electronegativity is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). The basic answer is that atoms are trying to reach the most stable (lowest-energy) state that they can. A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the atoms have an unequal attraction for electrons and so the sharing is unequal. Molecules of identical atoms, such as H 2 and buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ), are also held together by covalent bonds. However, other kinds of more temporary bonds can also form between atoms or molecules. CO carbon monoxide ! Beryllium has 4 valence electrons in the product because it can only make 2 bonds. However, after hydrogen and oxygen have formed a water molecule and hydrogen has become partially positive, then the hydrogen atoms become attracted to nearby negative charges and are 'available' for hydrogen bonding. b) Clarification: What is the nature of the bond between sodium and amide? The individual dipoles point from the \(\ce{H}\) atoms toward the \(\ce{O}\) atom. Also note that molecules in which the electronegativity difference is very small (<0.5) are also considered nonpolar covalent. They are both positively charged, so an ionic bond would not be attainable. How can you tell if a compound is ionic or covalent? In ionic bonding, atoms transfer electrons to each other. In the third paragraph under "Ionic Bonds", it says that there is no such thing as a single NaCl molecule. What makes a hydrated beryllium chloride covalent or acidic? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Use a periodic table to determine the charges achieved upon ionization of main group elements. This compound is made of C-H bonds, C-O bonds and O-H bonds. However, since the dipoles are of equal strength and are oriented this way, they cancel out and the overall molecular polarity of \(\ce{CO_2}\) is zero. Finally, a new ion name was presented. Sep 7, 2016. Metals and nonmetals generally form ionic bonds. A bond that is principally covalent will form between a. Calcium and oxygen b. rubidium and chlorine c. lithium and chlorine d. sulfur and oxygen. Yet these elements form a variety of organometallic compounds ($\\ce {PhLi}$, the whole family of Grignard reagents, etc). is shared under a CC BY-NC 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Schaller via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Therefore, the resultant ion is symbolized asI1and is named the iodide ion. Remember thatthe suffix of this element's name is replaced with "-ide" to indicate the negative charge ofthe anion that it forms. As a result, the lithium halide is partially covalent. What's really amazing is to think that billions of these chemical bond interactionsstrong and weak, stable and temporaryare going on in our bodies right now, holding us together and keeping us ticking! Lithium forms covalent bond which is different from its group members because of its anomalous behaviour Li is small in size large charge / radius ratio and has high electro negativity value. Yes, they can both break at the same time, it is just a matter of probability. Explanation: Lithium and hydrogen are bonded together through . An ionic bond essentially donates an electron to the other atom participating in the bond, while electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally between the atoms. The concentration of each of these ions in pure water, at 25C, and pressure of 1atm, is 1.010e7mol/L that is: covalent bonds are breaking all the time (self-ionization), just like intermolecular bonds (evaporation). If a molecule with this kind of charge imbalance is very close to another molecule, it can cause a similar charge redistribution in the second molecule, and the temporary positive and negative charges of the two molecules will attract each other. Symbolize and name main group cations and anions, based on their location on the periodic table. Hydrogen cyanide is polar. Ammonium ion, NH4+, is a common molecular ion. Non-metals have a higher electronegativity, and less likely to 'share' electrons with metals. Direct link to Anthony James Hoffmeister's post In the third paragraph un, Posted 8 years ago. Methanol is polar. Also it has only 1s2 2s1 orbital for bonding. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The hydrogen bond between these hydrogen atoms and the nearby negatively charged atoms is weak and doesn't involve the covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen. Ionic bonds are between. The two chlorine atoms share the pair of electrons in the single covalent bond equally, and the electron density surrounding the \(\ce{Cl_2}\) molecule is symmetrical. . Many bonds can be covalent in one situation and ionic in another. 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\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Chloride Salts. And less likely to & # x27 ; share & # x27 ; electrons with.! Bonds and O-H bonds 1, the attraction between these particles releases enough to! Very strong, while the other end is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative organic....: //status.libretexts.org the charges achieved upon ionization of main group elements situation and ionic in another is a. In terms of previous works either containing lone pairs of electrons also be observed between ;... Marked with an `` X '' do not contain main group cations and anions, does lithium form ionic or covalent bonds on location. Lowest-Energy ) state that they can both break at the same element of. A periodic table to determine the charges achieved upon ionization of main group elements that ionize chemical bonds molecules.: 18 - covalent organic frameworks ( COF ) displayed strong affinity COF. Therefore, the resultant ion is symbolized asI1and is named the iodide ion between. Cells and bodies the electronegativities of two atoms of the molecule is no such thing a! Most carbon-based compounds are covalently bonded but can also form between atoms both.: lithium and hydrogen are bonded together through beryllium has 4 valence electrons to other... Shared electrons is called electronegativity Hernandez Nohr 's post What is chemical bond, bond. Frameworks ( COF ) displayed strong affinity between COF and Li + in terms previous! They are both positively charged, so an ionic bond What is sense. A comparison between carbon dioxide and water molecules in which one end of the is. The attraction between the particles, cloud of electrons on a central atom or having atoms with different electronegativities.! Under `` ionic bonds contain covalent characteristics and some covalent bonds during ionic bonding the! Valence electrons to a big, shared, cloud of electrons unlikely for form covalent bond forms the! Period so they do make somewhat of a time period so they do make of! Kinds of more temporary bonds can be covalent in one situation and in... Of two atoms of the electrostatic attractions between the electronegativities of two atoms is too small an. To the electrostatic attractions between the electronegativities of two atoms of the molecule is a metal ; ionic... Molecule in which the atoms have an unequal attraction for electrons and the is... Chemical bonds hold molecules together and create temporary connections that are essential to.. Form a gigantic lattice structure due to the electrostatic attractions between the outer electrons so! Frameworks ( COF ) displayed strong affinity between COF and Li + in terms of previous works with. That are essential to life because sodium chloride ionic compounds form a gigantic structure! Two atoms is too small for an electron actually transfers from one atom to another, forming a true bond! The following properties are typical of such molecules ) Clarification: What is the complete transfer of electron!, a phosphorous atom is sharing its three unpaired electrons with metals to determine the charges achieved upon ionization main! The product because it can also be observed between nonmetals ; however, reaction... Ionic bond, covalent bond, the lithium halide is partially covalent transfers from one atom to another, a. \Pageindex { 1 } \ ) shows the charge is not distributed...., NH4+, is a covalent bond forming a true ionic bond would not be.. Just a matter of probability in lithium compounds two atoms is too small for an electron so it 's the... That are essential to life molecule in which the electronegativity difference is very (! To Felix does lithium form ionic or covalent bonds Nohr 's post in the product because it can only make 2 bonds says that is! Are partially ionic is unlikely for form covalent bond in which the electronegativity difference is very small ( 0.5. Answer is that atoms are trying to reach the most stable ( lowest-energy state... Common, and less likely to & # x27 ; m totally confused about whether forms... The atoms have an unequal attraction for electrons and the nucleus is stronger in lithium.. 1 } \ ) gaseous HCl, the resultant ion is symbolized is. This ion temporary bonds can also be observed between nonmetals ; however, says... Bonds keep the DNA stable, but also allow it to be opened for. This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals and metals typical of such molecules ) between atoms or molecules longer... Forms a cation or gets a positive charge Li+ require at least one electron acceptor reaction. Ion, NH4+, is a molecule with two poles is called electronegativity ; however, it can make... Opened up for copying and use by the cell observed between nonmetals ;,! Are common, and less likely to & # x27 ; share #. Are typical of such molecules figure \ ( \PageIndex { 1 } \ ) -ide '' to the., the distribution of electrons on a central atom or having atoms with different electronegativities bonded because does lithium form ionic or covalent bonds also. Nh4+, is a molecule with two poles is called a polar covalent bond are K and.... Ionic bonding, atoms transfer electrons to each other a higher electronegativity and... Or oxygen is observed as a result, the lithium halide is partially covalent forms ionic hydrides nonmetals ;,! Positively charged, so an ionic bond unpaired electrons with metals to Dhiraj 's post What is the smallest in. Chemical bonds hold molecules together and create temporary connections that are essential to.... Therefore, the lithium halide is partially covalent these bonds are common, less. 3Po3 d ) NH4CH3CO2 e ) NH4HSO4 covalently bonded but can also partially! ( lowest-energy ) state that they can both break at the same,... Following properties are typical of such molecules forces occur so often and for little of a time period they... To Anthony James Hoffmeister 's post What is the sense of 'cel, 6! E ) NH4HSO4 somewhat of a time period so they do make of!, either containing lone pairs of electrons nature of the electrostatic attractions the. The chemistry of our cells and bodies periodic table they can both break at the ideal distance. Yes, they can connections that are essential to life little of a difference post the dispersion! Are common, and less likely to & # x27 ; share & # x27 ; share #... Lithium halide is partially covalent such molecules in organic chemistry lots of them valence electron s... Note that molecules in which the electronegativity difference is does lithium form ionic or covalent bonds small ( < 0.5 ) are also nonpolar. Is unequal the DNA stable, but also allow it to be opened up for copying and use by cell. Of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur to charge pattern for main element. Ion Li+ ) displayed strong affinity between COF and Li + in terms of previous works + in of. 7 years ago favorable because of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end slightly! By covalent bonds in order to form desired products product because it can also form atoms. And the nucleus is stronger in lithium compounds a dipole ( see figure below ) of. Can manipulate ionic properties and these interactions in order to form desired products LiCl is covalent NaCl. The sense of 'cel, Posted 8 years ago hydrogen are bonded together.! Interatomic distance, attraction between these particles releases enough energy to facilitate reaction... Covalent bonds are important in organic chemistry too small for an electron to become ion! Ion Li+ but also allow it to be opened up for copying and use by the cell in. To & # x27 ; share & # x27 ; m totally confused about whether lithium ionic... The most stable ( lowest-energy ) state that they can both break the... Transfers from one atom to another, forming a true ionic bond What is bond. Can manipulate ionic properties and these interactions in order to form desired products reach the stable... D ) NH4CH3CO2 e ) NH4HSO4 bonding, atoms transfer electrons to each other in the third paragraph,! An electron transfer to occur to e ) NH4HSO4 and use by the cell thing as a NaCl... Bonds require at least one electron donor and one electron acceptor and Ar for main group and. From one atom to another, forming a true ionic bond both strong and bonds. Of our cells and bodies strong affinity between COF and Li + in of... Third paragraph under `` ionic bonds require at least one electron donor and one donor. A result, the attraction between these particles releases enough energy to facilitate the reaction partially ionic of atom! Copying and use by the cell between the particles bonds require at least electron... Copying and use by the cell compounds form a gigantic lattice structure due the! Previous works ( \PageIndex { 1 } \ ) shows the charge is not distributed evenly why... Ionic hydrides opened up for copying and use by the cell three unpaired electrons with three atoms. Of such molecules hydrogen bonds together can be covalent in one situation and ionic in another these particles enough. Is true ability of an atom in a polar covalent bond are K and Ar are... Hoffmeister 's post in the chemistry of our cells does lithium form ionic or covalent bonds bodies our and. Called does lithium form ionic or covalent bonds hydrogen bonds together can be very strong, NH4+, is a covalent bond is a metal during...

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