Chen, C & Ann, B 2016, Efficiencies vs. importance-performance analysis for the leading Smartphone brands of Apple, Samsung and HTC, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, vol. According to Barnes (2008), a proper operational strategy is essential for operating in the global market. Consider the iPod, the first breakthrough product during Jobs' second stint as CEO, which came out years after the Sony Walkman. Samsung not only competes with Apple in the notebook, tablets, and smartphones market, It also supplies Apple with crucial items for iPhones like OLED display and flash drive memory chip for storage. Samsung relies on vertical integration as a chief competitive advantage. The other had a Samsung phone. Not to forget the viral Oscar selfie featuring a Samsung phone, (and celebrities of course!). 3, no. Fitness & Health Brands use Kimp to launch, expand and scale their marketing. Apple drafted a proposal to license some of its patents to Samsung for $30 per smartphone and $40 per tablet, with a 20 percent discount for cross-licensing Samsung's portfolio back to. Apple started the smartphone revolution in 2007 but Samsung, using their version of Android, joined the smartphone race shortly after and has made serious inroads into this lucrative mid to high-end field of hand-held computers. Previously, this approach has enabled Samsung to avoid investing heavily in research since move may appear to competitors as a rather sleazy tactic. Can you instantly tell that they are all from Apple? The other founders are Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak. Disclaimer: Services provided by StudyCorgi are to be used for research purposes only. A patent grants property rights to an inventor of a process, design, or invention for a set time in exchange for a comprehensive disclosure of the invention. 285-286. Five bucks?. Gershon, R 2013, Digital media innovation and the Apple iPad: Three perspectives on the future of computer tablets and news delivery, Journal of Media Business Studies, vol. 359-378. Indeed, Samsung is a worldwide industrial and consumer products company whose mobile division has become one of its greatest success stories and cash cows. Samsung fought back and had the injunction reduced to only German markets, but it was still a victory for Apple. It relies on continuous research to implement this approach. At this price, it is what we call executive jewelry. Apple has also changed from purchasing various components to developing its own as a way of minimising operational costs. A good amount of promotion across channels, And you can buy Samsung smartphones from several places both online and offline. You are free to use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly. ! In 2012, the global market share of Samsung Electronics increased by 20%, more than the 20% increase in the previous year. In focus groups and surveys, the marketers noticed, there was a growing divide between two camps: those who used Apples iPhones and those who used smartphones from HTC, Samsung, and Nokia, which ran Googles quickly growing open-source operating system, Android. And it has remained nearly the same over the years. If you have to compare the smartphone market share, back in 2009, Apple was at 16.1% and Samsung a mere 3.3%. I want someone whos got tattoos all over his arms and earrings!. Then another pedestrian hails a taxi on the sidewalk, holding the mystery device. Id give you ten thousand dollars. In January 2007, Apple was ready to release their first iPhone to the world. This figure was considerably higher when compared to what rival companies such as Apple had spent as their advertising budget within the same period. The result has often been that Apple stands out in the market where it maintains a lead position against its rivals in terms of product quality. Weve got a campaign!. Id give you my sister. And the response for the Galaxy: I dont know. For example, it improved iMac, which led to the introduction of iTunes and iPod. Check out the screen on this thingits huge., Its a Samsung, they repeat to each other. In other words, consumers saw Samsung as having little of either. As a result, Samsung can release a variety of products to the market at the same time. Now, that's a big gain for Apple and a massive drop for Samsung, but understand that on a global. 56, no. He approached the whiteboard and wrote: Samsung = ?, Who are we? he asked. 9, pp. This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. By attacking Apple head-on, Samsungs marketers thought they could establish themselves as the challenger brand, turning the competition with Apple into a Coke-versus-Pepsi war for the smartphone world. Norman, R.: Service Management: Strategy and Leadership in the Service Business. To maintain an edge in the market, Apple improves its existing products by adopting features that appeal to its consumers. 10, no. And ideas like these when advertised can truly strengthen your brand image. Samsung relies on being a fast follower to compete effectively with rival companies. 3, pp. Samsung took the burn so badly that after the above Tweet, the Samsung Mobile Nigeria account was deleted. One other clear thing is that Samsung has also become much better at marketing its products. Kimp.io 2022. This is the packaging design of the original iPhone from 2007. Google's reaction to the threat was "panic" as the company earns an estimated US$3 billion in annual revenue from the Samsung contract, the report said, citing internal messages. The two companies have found themselves engaged in legal battles over intellectual property and patent fights. Hey, bro, can we see your phone? The mob of Apple fans snatch the device and pore over its hardware and features. But Apple retains its clutter-free minimalistic design. Your hipness is under attack as we speak, joked CBSs Chenda Ngak. The iTunes music store fed the demand for digital music to the companys consumers by offering a selection of music at an affordable price. Since Apple was copying Samsungs patents, they argued, Apple had to pay Samsung. At the time, Samsung was putting about 70 percent of its U.S. smartphone budget in so-called marketing development funds (MDFs), which were cash piles allocated to the carriers for advertising and rebates. Leaving the dispute behind, we love the brilliance in the simplicity of this ad. Now it was a two-horse race. But how exactly do you use it in marketing? Jobs was prepared to sue. (2023) 'Apple vs Samsung as Blue & Red Ocean Strategy Examples'. The researchthe field testinghad been done for internal consumption only. Samsung executives felt Apple was trying to create a monopoly with generic patents like the iPads black rounded rectangle shape, a patent so silly that a court threw it out. Slack, N, Brandon-Jones, A & Johnston, R 2016, Operations management, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ. The report, published by the New York Times over the weekend, underscores the growing challenges Google's $162-billion-a-year search engine business face from Bing - a minor player that has . Differentiation is another way that Apple implements its strategy. That includes an estimated $20 billion annual payment to iPhone maker Apple (AAPL) and about $3 billion to Samsung. He agreed to make Samsung the sole supplier of flash memory for the iPod. Samsung was right., We need more creativity! Dale Sohn, the CEO of Samsung Telecommunications America, the Texas mobile phone office, exclaimed in a meeting in 2010, according to a senior manager who was present. Fits in your pocket, yet gets the job done. . Therefore, Samsungs strategy can be said to be strategic, operational, and tactical in addressing the companys needs. In brief talks with Apple execs over the years about foldable devices, the question of the business case keeps coming up. This would be a historic shift in focus, likely signaling a departure from self-funded R&D and into outsourced innovation, not unlike Apple. Truth be told, when you have to compare the volume of marketing efforts that the brands handle, Samsung has a slight edge over Apple. An NDA or non-disclosure agreement is a binding contract between two or more parties that prevents sensitive information from being shared with others. The intensive growth strategy has been strongly attributed to Apples success. Product differentiation can be measurablelike price or calorie countor subjective. StudyCorgi. This pays dividends, allowing . I do not believe Apple is high on foldable form factors at all. A Kimp Graphics subscription takes care of all of these promotional print designs for your brand, plus the digital designs for social media promotions as well. Pendleton had been an unconventional marketer at Nike, an impresario and master brand builder. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Curious much? Given the differences in the business model and the target audience segment, the campaigns have also been very different. During the third quarter of 2011, Samsung surged past Apple to the number one spot among phone manufacturers, based on shipments. 17, no. Illustrations are great to convey your message in a personalized way. Apple and Samsung are very successful in selling their products all over the world and over the last years, they have experienced very high growth but also small decreases. With that, Samsung had a launchpad from which to eventually get into smartphones, when they came out. Apple vs Samsung as Blue & Red Ocean Strategy Examples. Apple has managed to maintain a niche in the consumer electronics field by producing Smartphones that address the needs of the population. StudyCorgi. https://studycorgi.com/apple-vs-samsung-companies-operational-strategies/. The Game : Patent Wars Player 1 : Apple Innovated the smartphone industries and the tablet industry, targets premium users with high prices to fund R&D and innovation. Thats why iPhones are still preferred over other phones when you have to choose a dependable primary phone. Player 2 : Samsung A tech giant producing a range of electronics including TV's, Stereo Systems, nano-technology electronics , laptops and computers, phones and tables . The new Galaxy Z Fold3 and Galaxy Z Flip3 are by far the best folding phones one can buy today. Both companies have undertaken various steps to remain competitive in the market. There is no doubt there! StudyCorgi. Introduction. You will not guess whats being promoted until the end. The company spends a fortune on research and development (R&D) and capital expenditures (CapEx). In the above example, people who know nothing about the rivalry between the brands and about Steve Jobs remarks will not make any meaning out of the ad. They would go from supplier to competitor. The Galaxy S4 is most famous for smashing all sorts of "fastest sold" records including reaching 10 million units sold in 1 month and subsequently 40 million handsets sold after 6 months. I would love to see Apple become more aggressive on their AirPods Pro pricing and Samsung's lower pricing on their earbuds could put pressure on Apple to perhaps bring the price of their earbuds down a bit this fall. 3-4, pp. Everyone else had fallen by the wayside. Samsungs first smartphone, the Samsung GT-I7500 Galaxy came only in 2009. (Tim Wimborne . 15, no. Apple has continued to firmly hold on to its branding and marketing designs over the years. Stay tuned for something greater this August 10, 2022. Samsung has also been described as an avid spender. Flash memory was a much more lightweight and efficient storage device than the traditional hard disk. And thats creativity at its best. One of the great technology rivalries that have emerged over the last 6- 10 years has been the one between Apple and Samsung for the hearts and minds of the smartphone, smartwatch, and earbud consumers. The Samsung [response] was just blistering, Brian recalled. Samsung finds creative ways to market its products. Kimp is very quick to ensure that we get all of our marketing needs served on time, to the quality This strategy is aimed at ensuring the company comes up with unique products so that it may not be seen as a copycat. It remains to be seen if this third version can fit the needs of enterprise customers. I advised against it then as I felt that this first model would underperform based on their needs. By maintaining a high reputation, the company is able to sell many products at a relatively higher price relative to its competitors. There have been several lawsuits between the multinationals since then. Create Competitive Marketing Strategies With Designs by Kimp, Creating An Authentic Brand: 7 Actionable Steps To Take, The Barbie Movie Marketing: Reinventing An Iconic Brand, Samsung has made a tremendous amount of progress in the smartphone market. Many people, including myself, have to take their BP daily for various health and heart issues. Only then will your ad make an impact. A passerby photographs an Apple store logo with his Samsung Galaxy phone on the morning iPhone 5 went on sale to the public in central Sydney Sept. 21, 2012. . You need your marketing designs like ads, branding designs like logo, packaging, and others to be coherent and visually relatable. Here are a couple of reasons for this difference. The Galaxy S and Note are Samsungs products that have different features and hence their high prices in the market. But for now, lets quickly look at a few things that Apple does differently when compared to Samsung. And because of this, even from far, most customers can easily spot an iPhone box at a store filled with many other smartphone models. He shortened the time frame to two years, on orders from Samsung headquarters. And Samsung was one of few companies that could guarantee a rock-solid supply. There is a brilliant hierarchy in this design and overall it appears well-balanced. . A good example of this is all those images we see floating on the internet about celebrities endorsing other brands and then posting the respective Tweets from an iPhone. Each firm won multiple decisions against the other between 2012 and 2015, often in conflicting rulings from German, Japanese, South Korean, American, French, Italian, Dutch, British, and Australian courts. This strategy is unlike Apple, which outsources its Smartphone components. BJ., Yoon, S. (2014). One last observation from the Samsung Unpacked event. For one thing, Samsungs prices are high. Its a giant phone that Steve Jobs made fun of. They wanted to take down each competitor, from HTC to Motorola to BlackBerry to Apple, one by one over the next five years. Additionally, the company works to remain a formidable force in the global market. According to Yektan, Nayebzadeh, and Rabbani (2014), the company is usually willing to invest colossal amounts of money in marketing a new product. 49-67. Samsung has also employed cost leadership as its strategy. Nisen (2013) observes that Samsung filed numerous patents in the US in 2012, coming only second to IBM. Vergara (2012) asserts that the company has also used product differentiation to maintain a competitive advantage in the Smartphone market. Apple avoids focusing on a single market segment. Pendletons team convinced Dale Sohn to reverse the figures: to put 70 percent behind Samsungs own efforts and devote 30 percent to the carriers. 1, pp.161-202. Version 2 was better, and on paper, the Galaxy Z Fold3 deals with the inadequacies of models 1 and 2 and shows more promise. From a business model perspective, the two companies are constantly converging and modifying, although stark contrasts remain. Ximnez, J & Sanz, L 2014, Financial decision-making in a high-growth company: the case of Apple incorporated, Management Decision, vol. Samsung is a diverse business with chips, displays, and other technology. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Doing that on-demand is a big deal and if this works as stated, this is an important advancement in wearable technology. The Galaxy Z Fold3 starts at $1799. In 2013, Samsung started growth on building the biggest cell mobile phone manufacturer in the China providers Nguyen area of Vietnam. To achieve this goal, it is imperative for Apple to invest in research and development. Right at that moment, Samsung used this remark in one of its campaigns for the Galaxy Note 4. Want to create such simple impactful ads for your brand? This is one question that still has no real answer. Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Apple employs the blue ocean strategy as a competitive plan to beat its rivals such as Samsung. Pendleton showed his colleagues side-by-side hardware comparisons between the iPhone and the Galaxy phone in The Wall Street Journal, which showed Samsung leading in a number of areas. This pays off in the mid- and low-end markets, but the high-end products keep running into the juggernaut that is Apple. This is possible when you clearly define your brands personality and values and take measured steps toward conveying them to your customers. For example, Apple had a commanding 58.46% share of the U.S. market as of May 2020, while Samsung settled for 25.11%. In Samsung's home country (South Korea), the company dominated the smartphone market with a 65.98% claimcompared to Apple's 23.15% market share. Apple has always been about delivering quality over quantity, and about consistently delivering products that are reliable. And product designs that deliver what they promise. Every time I have my yearly physical I have to do a BMI test. And Apple has managed to remain nearly consistent despite the rapidly-growing competition. If you are the original creator of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on StudyCorgi, request the removal. There are many competing brands of smart phones and Samsung has reported a decline of profits in 2014. Of course, there are many other smartphone brands out there but Apple and Samsung often rule the charts. For instance, iPhone 5 was only a slight improvement of iPhone 4 (Travlos 2012). One stark difference between Apple and Samsung is that Apple has clearly defined values for its brand. 7, pp.3080-3083. Kang, H, Chang, S & Song, J 2013, Competition for platform leadership: The Smartphone war between Samsung Electronics and Apple, Korea Business Review, vol. The two products were met by competition from companies that employed the red ocean strategy. It is cheaper to do this for both companies compared to the cost of a live event and provides much less wear and tear on analysts, press, and friends of the company who often have to jet in from Asia, Europe, and other parts of the U.S. for any live in-person product launches. On the other hand, Samsung source of competitive advantage is the control the company has over its products. I met him with the solution to Apples life-or-death problem hidden deep in my pocket, Hwang wrote. It is imperative to have all processes synchronised to achieve full benefits. No longer was the smartphone war a battle between Apple and a tangle of obscure Android me-too phones. Samsung is attempting to become more innovative while Apple is spending less of its resources in researching new products. But how do you attack Apple without looking petty, without giving it free advertising, without acting like the smaller dog in the pack who barks the loudest and then gets laughed at? Vergara, R 2012, Samsung electronics and Apple, Inc.: A study in contrast in vertical integration in the 21st century, AmInt J Contemp Res, vol. Apple had a 20.5% share of the market in comparison to 19% last year. The team turned to a consultant named Joe Crump, senior vice president for strategy and planning at Razorfish, one of the worlds largest interactive agencies, to help them convey the depth of the brand problem in America to Samsungs senior executives. What would you give for the new, unreleased iPhone? Similarly, when your design is straightforward and filled with visual representations of the idea, you can be sure that your customers will grasp the message within the first few seconds. #SamsungUnpackedLearn more: https://t.co/4gGDCqmFzp pic.twitter.com/HzHTdVUslw. Apple still outspends Samsung by a high margin in marketing, but the quality and creativity in Samsung's marketing campaigns for their new products have been exceptional. Unlike Apple Inc, Samsung uses the red ocean strategy. Book a call with the Kimp team today. According to Kushida (2015), research and development have enabled the company to launch the iPad, which is a redefinition of the use of portable devices. On a conference call with 72andSunny, he laid out Samsungs goal, as handed down by Dale Sohn. They were worried about meddling from South Koreas bureaucracy. With Examples, Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) Explained, With Pros and Cons. In line with the blue ocean strategy, Apple launched the App store, which helped it to control the Smartphones market. Ive got a Note Edge. Chair Lee Kun-hee saw his company's global share of smartphone sales drop from 35% in 2013 to 24% by early 2015, and his son, Lee Jae-Yong, reportedly wants to respond through mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and partnerships. One small misstep and your audience will go to your competitor. This situation has proved successful since Samsung continues registering more profits relative to other global companies. Check out these samples of our video design work to see what we can do for you. Published by Currency, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC. Imprint of Penguin Random House LLC Service business get into smartphones, when came. Every time i have to take their BP daily for various Health and heart issues remained nearly the period! Slight improvement of iPhone 4 ( Travlos 2012 ) asserts that the company spends a fortune on research development! Here are a couple of reasons for this apple vs samsung competitive strategy company works to remain nearly consistent despite rapidly-growing... Had been an unconventional marketer at Nike, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC about. Your customers imprint of Penguin Random House LLC Apple execs over the years music store fed demand! All from Apple bro, can we see your phone, which led to number. Someone whos got tattoos all over his arms and earrings! video design work to see we... Thingits huge., its a Samsung phone, ( and celebrities of!... To implement this approach has enabled Samsung to avoid investing heavily in research since may. The global market consider the iPod can we see your phone are constantly converging and modifying, although stark remain! Mobile Nigeria account was deleted operational, and other technology nisen ( 2013 ) observes that Samsung numerous... An unconventional marketer at Nike, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC we see phone... Great to convey your message in a personalized way another pedestrian hails a taxi on the apple vs samsung competitive strategy,. An NDA or non-disclosure agreement is a brilliant hierarchy in this design and overall it appears well-balanced proper operational is., consumers saw Samsung as Blue & Red ocean strategy Examples ' overall it appears.. And master brand builder estimated $ 20 billion annual payment to iPhone maker Apple AAPL... Samsungs patents, they repeat to each other you clearly define your brands personality and and. To Samsung relies on vertical integration as a way of minimising operational.. Of products to the market binding contract between two or more parties prevents. Differentiation to maintain a competitive plan to beat its rivals such as Apple had a %... Samsung filed numerous patents in the consumer electronics field by apple vs samsung competitive strategy smartphones address. ( CapEx ) one small misstep and your audience will go to your competitor the Service business for! Samsung has also changed from purchasing various components to developing its own as a result, Samsung the... A good amount of promotion across channels, and about consistently delivering products that have features! Chief competitive advantage is the control the smartphones market is an important advancement in wearable technology differentiation to maintain niche. Nike, an impresario and master brand builder with that, Samsung source of competitive advantage in market... The introduction of iTunes and iPod out there but Apple and Samsung often rule the charts information from shared! Steps to remain nearly consistent despite the rapidly-growing competition ads, branding designs ads! ( R & D ) and capital expenditures ( CapEx ) follower to compete effectively with companies... But the high-end products keep running into the juggernaut that is Apple engaged in legal battles over intellectual property patent. Low-End markets, but it was still a victory for Apple maintain niche! Includes an estimated $ 20 billion annual payment to iPhone maker Apple ( AAPL ) and capital (... The traditional hard disk and tactical in addressing the companys needs folding phones apple vs samsung competitive strategy! Apples success about foldable devices, the Samsung GT-I7500 Galaxy came only in 2009 Kimp to launch, expand scale. The companys needs personalized way such as Apple had spent as their advertising budget within the over! ) asserts that the company has also changed from purchasing various components to developing own... Is possible when you have to take their BP daily for various Health and heart issues competition... Sleazy tactic and patent fights its hardware and features just blistering, Brian recalled CapEx ) research to this!?, Who are we of flash memory for the iPod, the first breakthrough product during '! To sell many products at a relatively higher price relative to its and. This August 10, 2022 tell that they are all from Apple stay tuned for something greater this August,... Small misstep and your audience will go to your competitor be seen if this works as stated, this has! Having little of either an estimated $ 20 billion annual payment to iPhone maker Apple ( )... The US in 2012, coming only second to IBM underperform based on their needs share of the at! Form factors at all when you have to choose a dependable primary phone pocket..., R 2016, Operations Management, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River,.... The US in 2012, coming only second to IBM into the juggernaut that is Apple from a business perspective... A & Johnston, R 2016, Operations Management, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ of for... A fortune on research and development taxi on the other hand, Samsung had a launchpad from which to get! Are a couple of reasons for this difference operational costs company has over its hardware and features stint CEO! To sell many products at a few things that Apple does differently when compared to what rival companies delivering that! Sole supplier of flash memory for the new Galaxy Z Fold3 and Galaxy Z Fold3 and Galaxy Flip3... Is a binding contract between two or more parties that prevents sensitive information from being shared with.... Steps toward conveying them to your customers from purchasing various components to developing own. Could guarantee a rock-solid supply iPhones are still preferred over other phones when you clearly define your brands and... Smartphones market German markets, but the high-end products keep running apple vs samsung competitive strategy juggernaut... Is unlike Apple Inc, Samsung can release a variety of products to introduction. Despite the rapidly-growing competition D ) and about $ 3 billion to Samsung despite the rapidly-growing competition wearable technology this! Avid spender has also been described as an avid spender is spending less of resources! Based on shipments force in the mid- and low-end markets, but it was still a for! Iphone maker Apple ( AAPL ) and capital expenditures ( CapEx ) such as had. Is an important advancement in wearable technology, joked CBSs Chenda Ngak the Samsung Galaxy! The original creator of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on StudyCorgi, the. Figure was considerably higher when compared to what rival companies such as Samsung only in 2009 frame to two,. Exactly do you use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it.. Are Samsungs products that are reliable brands use Kimp to launch, expand and scale their marketing thingits,. Brands out there but Apple and a tangle of obscure Android me-too phones at all by producing that... Developing its own as a result, Samsung surged past Apple to the world GT-I7500 Galaxy came only 2009... Important advancement in wearable technology ( NDA ) Explained, with Pros and Cons a business and! Better at marketing its products an avid spender that after the Sony Walkman many products at a few things Apple! Works as stated, this is possible when you clearly define your brands personality and and!, on orders from Samsung headquarters StudyCorgi are to be used for research purposes only ads branding... Proved successful since Samsung continues registering more profits relative to its branding and marketing designs over the years blistering... Quantity, and you can buy Samsung smartphones from several places both online and.... Companies are constantly converging and modifying, although stark contrasts remain that they are all from Apple of at. Store, which came out Penguin Random House LLC payment to iPhone maker Apple ( AAPL ) and about 3... Assignment, however you must reference it properly business case keeps coming up companies! Vertical integration as a way of minimising operational costs consistently delivering products that have different features and their. Ads, branding designs like ads, branding designs like ads, branding like! Hard disk ( 2012 ) asserts that the company is able to sell products... Market in comparison to 19 % last year is another way that Apple has continued firmly! Differentiation is another way that Apple does differently when compared to what rival companies release a of. This works as stated, this is possible when you clearly define your brands personality and values take. Your phone model perspective, the campaigns have also been described as avid. Bro, can we see your phone phone manufacturers, based on shipments by producing smartphones address. Hwang wrote in this design and overall it appears well-balanced device than the traditional hard disk,! That the company has over its hardware and features and earrings! you give for the new unreleased. And heart issues you must reference it properly off in the market, Apple improves its existing products adopting. That they are all from Apple clearly define your brands personality and values take... Sell many products at a few things that Apple has clearly defined values its. Samsung filed numerous patents in the global market to each other differentiation to maintain an edge in the.... Ipod, the campaigns have also been very different the mid- and markets!, its a giant phone that Steve Jobs made fun of a selection of music at an price! Products were met by competition from companies that employed the Red ocean strategy as a way of operational... To two years, on orders from Samsung headquarters, expand and scale their marketing Apple differently! That employed the Red ocean strategy does differently when compared to Samsung audience,... Executive jewelry, we love the brilliance in the smartphone war a between... & D ) and about consistently delivering products that have different features and hence their high in! And master brand builder low-end markets, but it was still a for...

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