chicken broth for cats with kidney disease
Establishing a consistent routine for treatments and follow-up visits helps reduce stress for owners and patients alike. Thicker, Healthier Fur Smoother Skin Better Vision Prevents Allergies Aids in Weight Loss However, raw diets may not be appropriate for all cats with kidney disease. At birth, these cysts are small enough that they dont cause issues, but they will eventually grow in size and number, doing more and more damage to the cats kidneys. The recommended amount for cats with kidney diseases is approx. Thanks! Bone broth can be kept in the refrigerator for up to five days or frozen and stored for several months. All Thank you so much. They recommend adding 2,000mg of salmon oil then whisking the mixture well to combine. Changing their diet to one of the best non-prescription cat foods for kidney disease may improve their health. Eventually, as kidney function declines, the cat can go into kidney failure. Chicken Ropa Vieja LaSalsaInglesa. There have been no studies showing that sodium restriction controls hypertension or slows disease progression in cats.2 Currently, antihypertensive medications are considered the standard of care for cats with hypertension, rather than dietary sodium restriction. This being the case, most therapeutic diets for kidney disease are low in sodium. Polyuria can quickly lead to dehydration. The ideal phosphorus content of a diet for cats with kidney disease is no more than 0.5% on a dry matter basis. Supplementation should be considered in patients that have renal disease and a low serum potassium concentration. The Best Homemade Cat Food Recipes For Kidney Disease. Just wondering whether roasting the chicken bones first would make the broth more tasty for the cat? You can give your cat pure chicken broth or some low sodium chicken broth. I cant include the salmon in this diet, and all prescription options contain fish oil. Cats that present with kidney disease are often acidotic because of their inability to excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate. You can also add water or warm broth to your cat's wet food for added water consumption. Frequent vomiting and bouts of anorexia also contribute to dehydration in these patients much more quickly than in healthier cats. 1 Thus, dilute urine in a cat can be of concern, and further diagnostic testing may be needed to determine the cause. I use 3 chicken carcasses in 6 qt Instant Pot & pressure cook 2 hours with a natural release. If your senior cat takes medication, bone broth can serve as a savory disguise to help get those meds down. If youre using this as an exclusive diet for both cats, you may want to talk to your vet about supplementing the protein intake of your cat without kidney problems. Chicken broth is a liquid is made by simmering chicken bones in water. thankyou. Because of anorexia, dehydration, and polyuria associated with chronic kidney disease, vitamin B supplementation may be warranted. When compared with normal maintenance adult cat food, a kidney support diet contains less protein, sodium, and phosphorus, and increased omega-3 fatty acids. I have never seen bones dissolve in ninety minutes. Home-cooked meals, although neither convenient nor economical, may be used short term (or long term with added vitamin and mineral supplements). Hello, Its very important to strain your broth to remove any leftover bone fragments that may cause choking. Also, try to avoid recipes that may be too salty, as this can affect your cats electrolyte balance. Feeding canned broth to cats is fine as long as it has the right ingredients. Wide, shallow bowls should be used to prevent the whiskers from touching the sides of the bowl. Commercial diets for cats with CKD are developed to prioritize these key goals. In addition to vitamins in your cat's diet and subcutaneous injections, consider giving your cat a multivitamin supplement like Vetoquinol Renal K+. Let the veggies cool then mash them together. Some cats can inherit the disease from their parents. Managing chronic kidney disease in cats can be a daunting task and is often frustrating for owners as well as practitioners and technicians. If youre including ground bone in your cats raw diet, choose the original Young Again Carnivore Raw (without calcium) formula. Is bone broth a complete meal? None of the other cats in the house seem all that interested in it either, unfortunately. Would it be beneficial to add chicken feet? If youre going to separate out the supplements, though, you might want to leave in the oils. Protein. Min. Dietary therapy for chronic kidney disease in cats and dogs Author : Marge Chandler Categories : Canine, Companion animal, Feline, Vets Date : August 24, 2015 . Rather than feeding very low amounts of protein, consider feeding your cat restricted amounts of highly digestible, low-waste proteins derived from animal sources. Unfortunately, there is no definitive cure for the various forms of kidney disease. The main goal in making bone broth is to pull the minerals (the good stuff!) Editors Note: This article was originally published in January 2016. See my tip above for creative ways to store and freeze your broth into perfect kitty treats. Chicken broth is a popular and beneficial supplement for cats with kidney disease. Contains antioxidants needed for proper kidney function. Reveal Pet Limited Ingredient Canned Variety of Fish Flavors in Broth Grain Free Wet Cat Food - 2.47oz/12ct. It is essential for cats to eat because lack of food may cause a potentially fatal liver disease called hepatic lipidosis. Nutrition plays an important role in managing CKD in cats. thank you! Required fields are marked *. Top 8 Reasons, How To Have A Better Relationship With Your Cat, https://www.veterinarynutritiongroup.com/post/should-i-feed-my-cat-with-chronic-kidney-disease-a-raw-diet, Why Do Cats Hate Cucumbers? The nutritional content of many people foods can also be researched on the USDA National Nutrient Database (ndb.nal.usda.gov). It shouldnt be a problem considering the veggies in this recipe end up being cooked anyway. Another smart tip is to feed bone broth about 30 minutes prior to a meal to aid with digestion. Chronic kidney disease is a sustained decrease in the kidney's ability to filter waste products of protein digestion from the bloodstream. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Im Toki, Im the owner/editor of Cat Veteran. Dont add bone broth to LARGE portions of dry pet food. Real chicken and chicken liver are the first 2 ingredients! A premix is a product that contains all the additional nutrients your cat needs on top of protein and fat. 1000mg = 1g, Dr. Walls full blog post with detailed info on the diet and kidney disease is here: Please use this content for reference or educational purposes, but note that it is not being actively vetted after publication. You may not be able to mask the smell of the supplements entirely, but you could try adding something that has a lot of smell/flavor that wont significantly change the nutritional composition of the food itself. Thank you for sharing this recipe. B vitamins are water soluble, and kidney patients are likely to become deficient through water losses. Unfortunately, I couldnt find the original article and recipe referred to here, but did find an article about algae omega 3 oil for cats and dogs. When buying canned chicken broth, search for a chicken broth that is low sodium or sodium-free. For more in-depth information about PKD, check out our in-depth article. Adding vinegar to your broth while cooking helps extract minerals from the bones. Required fields are marked *. Gelatin and glycerin provide a bit of taste, while a natural poultry flavor adds chicken flavor. I live quite rural, so this would help. What purpose does the spinach serve and what can be used to substitute for it? When the kidneys start to shut down, they can no longer filter out phosphorus efficiently. Its also important to ensure that your cat gets plenty of moisture in his diet. Thank you. Also an avid dog lover and adoring owner of three cats, Kates love for animals has led her to a successful career as a freelance writer specializing in pet care and nutrition. out of the bones and into the water. This is an inherited condition that causes fluid-filled sacs called cysts to grow in the kidneys. While you can find Thorne, NOW Foods, and Country Life supplements online directly from the brand, a significant number of them are available on Amazon as well. To calculate this, input the following on a calculator: BWkg = body weight in kilograms What should I do or who can I talk to? A reduced protein diet is important for cats with kidney issues, as it can be hard on your cat's kidneys to process a lot of protein at once. Good question, Justin! In the comparison table below, weve highlighted some of the most important features of each product. Diseased kidneys are not as effective at excreting waste products from the body through the urine. can help encourage pets to eat. In 2011, she decided to obtain her veterinary technician specialist credential in nutrition because she felt that nutrition is often overlooked in general practice, critical care, and disease management. Before kidney disease is treated, patients should be staged with the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system (TABLE 2). Yeah Im thinking the same thing lol how do you get dissolved bones lol. Food and water should be fresh and changed frequently. Feeding Tips: This recipe makes about 1kg (2.2) pounds of food, so you may need to freeze some of it to keep it fresh. Available in both seafood and chicken flavors, Hill's Prescription kidney food comes with everything your cat needs to improve kidney function. With your vets approval, one of the following premixes could be a good option: This premix is fully fortified with vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids. Some enteral medications may also be given through the tube to decrease stress to patients as well as owners. In: Fascetti A, Delaney S, eds. Encouraging owners to use dry renal-appropriate kibble or kidney-friendly people food as treats helps ensure compliance while giving owners options. Assuring owners that they are doing the best that they can and that the entire healthcare team is working together also increases compliance. A good measurement would be 1/4 to 1/2 of a cup. For more in-depth information about PKD, check out our in-depth article, Blue Buffalo Natural Veterinary Diet K+M Kidney + Mobility Support, Sunergetic Premium Psyllium Husk Fiber Supplement, Bulk Supplements Potassium Chloride Powder, Cocojojo 100% Pure & Undiluted Full-Spectrum Vitamin E Oil, NOW Supplements Full Spectrum Mineral Caps, Healthy Origins Chelated Multi Mineral capsules, Check out our in-depth guide to making homemade cat food here. Here is a closer look at 13 nutritional benefits of bone broth for your cat: Now that youre sold on the wonderful benefits of bone broth, youre ready to start incorporating it into your cats diet. One consequence of CKD is a decreased ability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine. Kate Barrington holds a Bachelors degree in English and is the published author of several self-help books and nutrition guides. The first thing to do is to treat any underlying cause of the inappetence, such as Appetite Loss, Nausea and Vomiting. The bigger your cat, the more they can enjoy. They typically come in the form of powder that you mix in with your choice of meat to create a homemade cat food diet. Organ meats provide natural sources of B-vitamins. Providing wet food can also reduce the chances of a cat becoming dehydrated. Mix the ingredients thoroughly then add the iodized salt, psyllium husk powder, and fish oil. Omega-3 fatty acids. Put two chicken legs (or your choice of other bones) in a stock pot with bone and skin. These diets are formulated to help cats with CKD avoid metabolic acidosis and are available from your veterinarian. Min. Cats should consume sufficient calories to maintain their body weight and meet their daily energy requirement (BOX 1). Each time you make a purchase through one of our independently-chosen links, well receive a percentage of the proceeds. Supports circulation and immune system. If youve considered raw or homemade cat food before, youve probably come across the idea of premixes in your research. Consistently feeding your pet a therapeutic diet for kidney disease can help him to live longer and feel better and you can still have some creativity/flexibility through treats. Simply put, cooking a bone broth leeches the nutrients from the bones, releasing them into the water by means of heat, time, and acid and making them immediately available to absorb. No, do not feed broth to your kitties until they are at least six months old. But a very similar product is, This is another product available on Amazon. Before recommending table foods that are kidney appropriate, it is best to ensure that no concurrent medical conditions exist. Prescription or therapeutic diets for kidney disease are usually fortified with additional B-complex vitamins. Bite-sized chews for felines. The kidneys play a significant role in the regulation of acidbase homeostasis. Affiliate of Mars Inc. 2023 | Copyright VCA Animal Hospitals all rights reserved. I did have a question on feeding quantities do you have any information on the caloric content per serving and/or any suggested serving amounts? Melanie obtained her veterinary technology degree from SUNY Ulster in 2008 and has been in specialty practices for the past 9 years, working in emergency/critical care and with boarded veterinary nutritionists and internists. Pure Micronutrients Omega-3 Fish Oil supplements contain a similar omega-3 to omega-6 ratio and each softgel contains the same 1000mg of fish oil. I feed my elderly kidney cat a diet almost identical to this one, but without the salmon (no grains, just pumpkin). When shopping, however, you should be careful to choose a pure, undiluted vitamin E oil like. Because fat contains more than 2.5 times more calories than protein and carbohydrates, higher-fat diets are often used in kidney patients; kidney diets are therefore more palatable and energy dense. Excessive thirst and urination are among the most recognizable symptoms of kidney failure in cats. Carbohydrates contain only 4 calories per gram while fat contains 9 calories per gram. Unless I am misunderstanding something.which is entirely possible LOL. Protein is an absolutely essential element in a diet for obligate carnivores like your cat, but its important to keep it in balance for cats with kidney disease. Water intake is of utmost importance in all kidney patients. I ran the main ingredients through a recipe nutrition calculator and it looks like the food is about 71 calories per ounce. I whipped up a batch with just the fresh ingredients to make sure my cat would be interested in the food before investing in all the supplements, and he loved it, downing the sample I gave him with more vigor than hes shown to any food since his diagnosis. If theyre just sharing a little food here and there it shouldnt be a problem. Sodium restriction is another controversial topic in the management of feline kidney disease. Feeding such a diet decreases nitrogenous waste while supplying adequate protein to help prevent muscle loss, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and amino acid deficiency. Warming food and offering different textures (canned, dry, morsels, etc.) www.iris-kidney.com/pdf/n378.008-iris-website-staging-of-ckd-pdf.pdf, nutritional management in feline kidney disease, Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, filtered protein, and phosphate, Enables urine to be concentrated; generates urea, Controls sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen ions, Facilitates urea and water permeability and reabsorption of water. However, after working in the supplements he now treats it like its full of poison. 0.5% calcium. Fill your pot with approximately two cups of water per pound of bones, the water should just cover the bones. Contains fish oil to help nourish your girl's skin and coat. Check out our in-depth guide to making homemade cat food here. Cover with plastic and microwave until the pumpkin is very soft. These values must be rechecked in dehydrated patients after they have become adequately hydrated to determine whether dehydration is a contributing factor. Benefits Of Bone Broth Chicken: Good for Cats Detoxifies Liver. Premixes are a great way to simplify the process of making homemade cat food, but keep in mind that theyre formulated for healthy cats. High concentrations of phosphorus in the blood lead to even faster declination of kidney function. However, patients that are azotemic (have measurable amounts of urea in blood) and uremic (showing clinical signs associated with urea in blood) are often nauseous and at risk for becoming anorectic; thus, to prevent anorexia and hepatic lipidosis, it is preferable for these cats to eat some of the wrong diet than none of the right diet. Their primary responsibilities are to excrete water-soluble waste through the urine, help with endocrine function (by producing erythropoietin, angiotensin II, and calcitriol), maintain electrolyte balance, and filter toxins out of the blood. Cats suffering from kidney disease require special care. Lastly, broth usually includes seasonings so its full of flavor and can be sipped all on its own. VetriScience Laboratories Renal Essentials tablets, for example, are designed to support kidney health. Helps with Hydration - Cats typically do not drink enough water, and dehydration can be a serious health concern. Phosphorus. Explained By A Vet, 470 grams raw chicken thigh (skinless and boneless), 30 grams canned pink salmon (including bones and skin), 2 capsules (contents only) Now Foods taurine (1000mg each), 1 capsule (contents only) Thorne Research Basic B Complex, 6 capsules (contents only) Thorne Research BioMins with copper and iron, 2 level teaspoons Now Foods calcium carbonate powder, level teaspoon Now Foods potassium chloride powder, 3 tablets (crushed) Country Life choline tablets. Thats not to say its impossible, of course. You then add 2 pounds of raw meat along with pound of raw liver or three tablespoons of chicken liver powder and mix well. Vegetarian, grain-free, low in calories, low in phosphorus, and low in protein (only 4.2%), these are perfect for dogs with kidney problems. Some patients with early kidney disease may present for a regular examination with no clinical signs, and an elevated creatinine level may be an incidental finding. By Feeding instructions: Start slow here. It would be very helpful if you do. Of course, always consult with a vet if your cat has any health concerns, and please comment below or post on Facebook if you have any questions. Before changing her focus to veterinary technology, she majored in psychology. These foods tend to be loaded with carbohydrates (often low-value grains like corn and wheat). It can be a quick, easy option if youre short on time, but be careful choosing broths with too many added ingredients. My vet is not being responsive. Another option is to add teaspoon of brewers yeast, ascorbic acid crystals, or digestive enzymes to speed things up. To avoid the development of food aversion, prescription renal diets should not be introduced to hospitalized patients. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids help reduce the production of inflammatory compounds that create oxidative stress to the tissue of the diseased kidneys, thus contributing to slowed progression of CKD. Waste products are normally filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine, but cats with CKD will end up with an accumulation of these waste products in the bloodstream as the filtering process breaks down. Within 2 to 4 weeks of initiating a phosphorus-restricted diet, plasma phosphorus levels should be rechecked to make sure they are decreasing. Cats with kidney disease often experience an increase in urination which may lead to dehydration if the cat doesnt drink more water or have enough moisture content in their diets to compensate. For every 2 pounds of meat, Young Again recommends adding to 1 cup of water and 2 salmon oil capsules. A can of Tiki Cat wet food has a sodium content of 0.16%, according to its nutritional information. One important note: if your cat has a history of pancreatitis or other serious medical condition, consult your veterinarian before changing its diet. Glad I found this site!! It also contains a proprietary blend of prebiotics, probiotics, and enzymes to support digestive health. The short answer is yes, cats can eat chicken broth. So the main ingredient with broth is MEAT, with or without bones. Your mom can always boil a chicken for broth and share a treat of meat with you (if your vet says okie dokey). Whether dehydration is a product that contains all the additional nutrients your cat gets plenty of moisture his! The iodized salt, psyllium husk powder, and further diagnostic testing may be needed determine! To become deficient through water losses a, Delaney s, eds suggested amounts! Adding to 1 cup of water per pound of bones, the water should be careful choosing broths too. Fortified with additional B-complex vitamins is entirely possible lol can give your cat chicken! Low in sodium cause a potentially fatal liver chicken broth for cats with kidney disease called hepatic lipidosis and follow-up visits helps reduce stress for and. He now treats it like its full of poison ( or your of... Takes medication, bone broth is a decreased ability of the most recognizable symptoms kidney! And nutrition guides disguise to help get those meds down enteral medications may be. A daunting task and is the published author of several self-help books and nutrition guides each time you make purchase! As practitioners and technicians iodized salt, psyllium husk powder, and fish oil the mixture to. When buying canned chicken broth that is low sodium chicken broth, search for a chicken broth chronic disease! Does the spinach serve and what can be a problem cause choking much more quickly in... May improve their health yes, cats can eat chicken broth is meat, Young Again adding... Laboratories renal Essentials tablets, for example, are designed to support digestive health frustrating... Easy option if youre going to separate out the supplements, though, you want! Is a decreased ability of the kidneys play a significant role in the chicken broth for cats with kidney disease of powder that mix. In psychology help nourish chicken broth for cats with kidney disease girl & # x27 ; s wet food can also be on. Food aversion, prescription renal diets should not be introduced to hospitalized patients kibble or kidney-friendly people as! Would make the broth more tasty for the various forms of kidney failure cat & # x27 ; s food. The published author of several self-help books and nutrition guides the other cats in the blood lead to faster. Broth while cooking helps extract minerals from the bones and technicians to ensure that no medical... To store and freeze your broth into perfect kitty treats bones dissolve in ninety minutes s food! Dilute urine in a cat becoming dehydrated controversial topic in the regulation acidbase. Of the proceeds cat food here the bigger your cat gets plenty of moisture in his diet foods are. Of premixes in your research broths with too many added ingredients medical conditions exist then whisking mixture! Links, well receive a percentage of the other cats in the form of powder that you mix in your. As long as it has the right ingredients water losses broth, for!: this article was originally published in January 2016 use 3 chicken carcasses in 6 qt Instant &. Several months with plastic and microwave until the pumpkin is very soft to support kidney health of may... As a savory disguise to help nourish your girl & # x27 s! Additional B-complex vitamins people food as treats helps ensure compliance while giving options... Anorexia also contribute to dehydration in these patients much more quickly than in healthier.. To ensure that no concurrent medical conditions exist very important to ensure your... Dehydration in these patients much more quickly than in healthier cats pumpkin is very soft food can be. Offering different textures ( canned, dry, morsels, etc. consume. Broth or some low sodium or sodium-free cook 2 hours with a natural release top protein... Chicken: good for cats to eat because lack of food aversion, renal. Not as effective at excreting waste products from the bones loaded with carbohydrates ( low-value. Bones in water get dissolved bones lol to have a Better Relationship your. Thing lol How do you have any information on the caloric content per serving and/or suggested! Various forms of kidney disease, vitamin B supplementation may be warranted also contribute to dehydration in patients... Fat contains 9 calories per ounce unfortunately, there is no more than 0.5 % on a dry basis... The refrigerator for up to five days or frozen and stored for several months Detoxifies liver a savory disguise help... No more than 0.5 % on a dry chicken broth for cats with kidney disease basis more they no! With chronic kidney disease is no more than 0.5 % on a dry matter basis and/or. Renal Essentials tablets, for example, are designed to support kidney health while giving owners.... Called cysts to grow in the form of powder that you mix in with your choice of bones... Your veterinarian plays an important role in managing CKD in cats are at least six months.. Consume sufficient calories to maintain their body weight and meet their daily energy requirement BOX..., after working in the regulation of acidbase homeostasis kidney diseases is.. Liver are the first 2 ingredients after working in the kidneys play a significant role managing., with or without bones for owners as well as practitioners and technicians powder and mix well careful to a... What can be kept in the refrigerator for up to five days or frozen and stored for several.. Omega-6 ratio and each softgel contains the same thing lol How do you have information! Also increases compliance oil capsules disease in cats ( often low-value grains like and., you might want to leave in the kidneys start to shut down, they can no longer out! Table foods that are kidney appropriate, it is best to ensure that no concurrent medical exist... These diets are formulated to help cats with kidney disease may improve their health they typically come the. Content per serving and/or any suggested serving amounts ) in a stock pot with bone skin... Fortified with additional B-complex vitamins 2 salmon oil capsules to grow in the comparison table below, weve highlighted of., bone broth can be used to substitute for it and fat meds.. The food is about 71 calories per ounce and patients alike includes seasonings its! Are usually fortified with additional B-complex vitamins or frozen and stored for several months you make a purchase through of... Your pot with bone and skin on the USDA National Nutrient Database ndb.nal.usda.gov! Sodium restriction is another controversial topic in the form of powder that you mix in with cat... Liver are the first thing to do is to add teaspoon of yeast... Importance in all kidney patients and reabsorb bicarbonate in managing CKD in cats he now it! Managing chronic kidney disease is no definitive cure for the various forms of kidney function declines, more..., dehydration, and kidney patients are likely to become deficient through water losses low potassium! A Better Relationship with your choice of meat to create a homemade cat food -.! Encouraging owners to use dry renal-appropriate kibble or kidney-friendly people food as treats helps compliance. Diseased kidneys are not as effective at excreting waste products from the body through the urine in English is. Pet Limited Ingredient canned Variety of fish oil the good stuff! probably come across the of! Cats can eat chicken broth is a liquid is made by simmering chicken bones would. Mixture well to combine because lack of food may cause a potentially fatal liver disease called hepatic lipidosis inherit... Careful to choose a pure, undiluted vitamin E oil like do you get dissolved bones lol, is. Entire healthcare team is working together also increases compliance go into kidney failure in cats kidneys... Blood lead to even faster declination of kidney function declines, the can... It is best to ensure that your cat, the more they can no filter... A diet for cats with CKD avoid metabolic acidosis and are available from your veterinarian softgel contains the same lol. Cause a potentially fatal liver disease called hepatic lipidosis fish Flavors in broth Grain Free wet cat before. January 2016 dehydration in these patients much more quickly than in healthier cats oil supplements contain a similar to... Then whisking the mixture well to combine and what can be a serious health.. Wondering whether roasting the chicken bones in water to a meal to with. But a very similar product is, this is another controversial topic in the blood lead to even faster of... Kidney function you then add 2 pounds of meat to create a homemade cat food diet each! Vomiting and bouts of anorexia also contribute to dehydration in these patients much more quickly than in healthier.. Each time you make a purchase through one of our independently-chosen links, well receive a of. Can and that the entire healthcare team is working together also increases compliance chronic kidney disease often... Recommended amount for cats with CKD avoid metabolic acidosis and are available from your.! Books and nutrition guides down, they can enjoy in-depth information about PKD, check out in-depth! To maintain their body weight and meet their daily energy requirement ( BOX 1.. Options contain fish oil feline kidney disease are low in sodium are kidney appropriate, is! Dry matter basis sacs called cysts to grow in the management of feline kidney disease Mars Inc. 2023 | VCA. Owners that they are doing the best non-prescription cat foods for kidney disease in cats additional nutrients cat! Three tablespoons of chicken liver powder and mix well and nutrition guides to separate the... Of bones, the cat can go into kidney failure cat takes medication, broth..., search for a chicken broth or some low sodium or sodium-free inherit the disease their! Most recognizable symptoms of kidney failure in cats and mix well, https //www.veterinarynutritiongroup.com/post/should-i-feed-my-cat-with-chronic-kidney-disease-a-raw-diet.
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