It starts at birth and continues through to death. There was never a distinction between the biological and non-biological kin as far as primary parental obligations were concerned. 6. - In African traditional society, each individual is related to the other. Spirit of sharing: In African Traditional Community there is the spirit of sharing of resources among the members of a community e.g. society irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. 8. 3. - The practices vary from one community to another. Stephens, William N., The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: University Press of America, 1982. - Can interfere with an individuals reproductive system. Life is seen to begin from the time of conception since unborn children are taken as part of the community. It symbolizes the union between the living and the dead. b) Outline the role of priests in Traditional African communities. This is sexual differentiation in socialization in which girls will become acceptable mothers and wives and boys husbands and fathers. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. - They preside over important occasions such as initiation, planting and marriage. RAIN MAKERS - Rain in traditional Africa is understood to come directly from God. Religious leaders such as bishop and pastor have replaced their duties. What role did religion play in medieval Africa communities? Sometimes people mistake that they are witch doctors especially Christians. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. People who have become educated consider the shaving of the hair unnecessary. 12 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Havenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. 48 R. A. LeVine, Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Socety, Culture and Personality. Reconnecting with a genetic tie Genetic resource and testing connected a person to their blood. Challenges facing herbalists 1. Kinship refers to relationship between people through blood, marriage or adoption. As Eaton et al (2003) found in South Africa, for young people struggling for daily survival, protection from possible future illness may be a lower priority than meeting immediate economic needs. 8. 12. By combining the patrilocal rule of residence with consanguinal descent, the Baganda have built a formidable system of clans.13, Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. Kinship ties definition: Kinship is the relationship between members of the same family. Anything described in these terms must inherently be bad, primitive and, therefore, undesirable.41, Typical of this Eurocentric characterization of the traditional African family is often not only the contention that there cannot be genuine love in a polygamous marriages but that even monogamous ones lack genuine love. - In most communities the child and the mother are kept in seclusion for a number of days, depending on the sex of the baby. Chondoka, Yizenge A., Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, Ndola, Mission Press, 1988. 6. - The government and churches have built homes for them - They are given food etc. This review finds that parental care remains the best care setting and should be highly encouraged within African society. Severing the ties of kinship is among the body sins and it is among the major sins. Division of labor in African societies, labor is divided according to sexes. 29 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. a child born after a long period of childless marriage is called Ogwedhi among the Luo. Dowry seals marriage, before dowry is paid marriage is considered as incomplete. Today initiation is not done at particular stage in life. 11. Divorce and separation are discouraged. There are societies where prayers are made to the mother and the child. Traditional kinship structures remain important in many First Nations communities today. viii. During initiation the young adults are taught matters relating to sex and adulthood. Importance of courtship 1. Explain the importance of Kinship in traditional African society african cultural and moral values 1 Answer 0 votes answered Aug 9, 2021 by anonymous Control social relationships in community of people related by blood and marriage Bind whole community hence social cohesion Makes people live in harmony/ peace Promotes mutual responsibility and help They affect all aspects of Africa, including care, marriages, and social status, since kinship controls people's relationships, moral values, and attitudes. 7. Your husband or wife, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law, and sister-in-law are all kinsmen related to you through marriage. 5. Good, Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. Today marriage is for companionship and it is considered to be complete even if there are no children. 2. 42 Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History. The community disciplined those who showed traits of greed over ownership of property. Some of them are (i) Rites of passage (2) Good morals (3) Participation in communal activities such as ceremonies, work, leisure activities and worship (4) Sharing of property and ideas (5) Division of labour. Courage is usually praised. - They give instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties. 4. And this, together with neolocality, makes it nearly impossible to use kinship in structuring our social order. Land was owned by the community. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989), 38 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p. 126. Importance of kinship ties to TAS Some reflect the condition of weather or season at the time of birth. - Purification rites are performed for the mother and the child to make the child pure. - Kinship defines and enforces duties and responsibilities of individuals. 8. Through this, they believed they could receive blessings. Changes that have affected ownership of property and wealth - Women and children are allowed to own property. D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. 4. For example honesty is expected in marriage. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? What was the structure of the polygynous family? - In most African communities a widow was inherited by the husbands close relatives. Even traditionally, ordinary citizens could not achieve marrying more than one wife. In rural areas, the family typically . Young men are taught to develop self-love and love for the community it provides a sense of belonging. Land Ownership: It is no longer communal affair but a private affair. Types of Kinship. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. - They could also feel their body senses to predict rain. Through apprenticeship iv. Responsibility of elders: - They help in the settlement of disputes. Their roles include the following:- i. 3. - Patriotism. They believe iron implements attract lightning. society. 6. - Widows and orphans feel dehumanized. 4. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) p.68, 23 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. Elders iv. The midwives perform the following:- 1. the Agikuyu the ancestors are Mumbi and Gikuyu were created by Ngai. Modern education and western culture has affected dowry payment in that many educated attach little value to dowry payment. Diviners and mediums iii. One could also die due to breaking a taboo in such instances elders would identify the offender and perform an act of cleansing. The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latters husbands and children.24, A young Bemba couple live in the same hut with a child of pre-weaning age whom they may have. 7. To give the mother time to heal. Would provide medical care e.g. v. The land was believed to belong to the ancestors and nobody was allowed to sell or lease it out without the consent of the other members of the family. Professor of Sociology, Bridgewater College. c. The corpse is washed using water. Children among the matrilineal peoples are brought up in a similar traditional extended family village social environment. Grandmothers teach girls their roles and grandfathers maintain law and order .Young unmarried men provide security in form of warriors while boys look after the animals. iii. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. Wedding ceremony - After the negotiation the wedding ceremonies are arranged. 5. Yet others could also die due to old age. Land was also a source of medicine in the form of herbs and minerals. However, children are never kissed kissing is not known to the Baganda and the close intimacy of the mother-child relationship as found in America, for example, is not present. 3. - They negotiate for peace in time of war with another community. Diseases such as epidemics would kill people. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970. 6. There are also accidental deaths e.g. 4. iv. (East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980) p.11 Unpublished M.A. That is to say a man goes to live in his wifes village, at any rate for the first years of his married life.22 This is also true of marriage among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lala, Lamba, Chewa, Kaonde, and many others. Polygyny was widely practiced in Africa and it often formed the backbone of the traditional African family patterns. According to Mair, .the polygynous joint family, consisting of a man, his wives, and their children, is the ideal for most Africans.5 Studies conducted from the 1930s to 1950s indicate that polygyny was common virtually in all regions of Africa.6, In spite of the perversity of polygyny, there was evidence that it was on the decline. Courtship gives the two families time to prepare in advance for the real marriage. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. 5. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. iii. Strong religious beliefs helped bind the members of society together and inspire a sense of unity. - The placenta is disposed of ceremoniously e.g. Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. Edited by Arthur Phillips, London: Oxford University Press, 1953. In the African understanding, it is believed that there is no natural death. DEATH RITES When a person dies, members of the family gather at the home of the deceased and leave their everyday commitments for a while. 5. These carried with them all the heavy social obligations demanded of a mother or father, daughter or son. 1 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) pp.1 177. They play the role of counselors and advisors to the community. Of birth could receive blessings communities a widow was inherited by the husbands close relatives and responsibilities of.. The heavy social obligations demanded of a community e.g to breaking a taboo in such elders... Background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of.! 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