Uridine Monophosphate Powder. Fasoracetam side effects can be unpredictable. 5'-Triacetyluridine, formerly known as vistonuridine, is an orally active prodrug of the naturally occurring nucleoside uridine. However, I did find some cases where people have taken high doses and reported vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. Likewise, uridine triphosphate in combination with sodium channel blockers relieved cystic fibrosis symptoms in mice [24]. Biochem Pharmacol. PMC. 2. No differences in elimination half-life have been observed between fed and fasted states[9]. The thread is extremely detailed so if you're thinking about quitting smoking I can highly recommend reading the entire thread here (U/srubek is going into much more details). Uridine increases CDP-Choline, so is it better to supplement CDP-Choline instead then? The half-life of triacetyluridine itself is about 2 hours. Uridine monophosphate ( UMP ), also known as 5-uridylic acid ( conjugate base uridylate ), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. 2006 Dec;24(3):455-65. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.011. The reason being that Triacetyluridine converts to Uridine in the body. Uridine monophosphate dosage for everyday nootropics users is typically 250mg 1-2 times daily. TAU seems particularly effective when combined with a Racetam, like Piracetam, for instance. Triacetyluridine is one of the most bioavailable forms of uridine with important neurological properties. Neuroprotective Effects of Oral Administration of Triacetyluridine Against MPTP Neurotoxicity. I had tried everything.". Theres been a lot of talk about stacking uridine with lions mane and other medicinal mushrooms. This supplements can also increase levels of CDP-Choline in the brain. There is some concern that uridine and TAU may decrease vitamin B12 (cobalamin) levels. liver, pancreas) and fish, the role of dopamine in attention, motivation, and creativity, May improve the symptoms of lung diseases, May help with depression and bipolar disorder, Unknown long-term benefits and safety profile, Not recommended for those with cancer, fibrosis, diabetes, or osteoporosis. Al Safarjalani ON1, Zhou XJ, Naguib FN, Shi J, Schinazi RF, el Kouni MH. Another thread I found on Reddit is from a user called; u/jt2424. Healthy volunteers took it for only one week [17, 7]. Neuroscience. No studies to date have looked at the effects of uridine on liver health in humans. Uridine monophosphate is successfully converted to its di- and triphosphate forms, eventuating to a factor crucial in the formation of dendritic spines, which are bodies that protrude from the dendrites of a neuron in order to receive messages across the synapse. and our Triacetyluridine Guide: What Are The Benefits & Side Effects? Triacetyluridine vs. Uridine Monophosphate, PeakO2 Mushroom Supplement The Ultimate Guide & Review, Top 3 Best Mushroom Supplements Blends Reviewed (2023), The 10 Best Nootropics for Studying, Focus, and Memory, TeaCrine (Theacrine) The Ultimate Guide and Review, How to Repair Dopamine Receptors Naturally 10 Ways to Upregulate, Theobromine The Ultimate Guide and Review, The 12 Best Nootropics for Motivation The Ultimate List, Genius Mushrooms Review Nootropic Mushroom Supplement, Freshcap Ultimate Mushroom Complex (Thrive 6) Review, Dynamine (Methylliberine) The Ultimate Guide and Review, How Rutaecarpine Eliminates Caffeine from the Body to Improve Sleep. They are most clear and well researched, my strong compliments! Discussion of nootropics and cognitive enhancers. Products mentioned are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. PMID: 17011205. He then goes on to say that he only has tried Triacetyluridine (he takes 25-50mg) which seems to make his mood better and more social. Triacetyluridine is also lipid soluble so it can only be taken orally and not sublingually. Along with adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine, uridine is one of the five standard nucleosides which make up nucleic acids. That being said Triacetyluridine is more potent and has a higher bioavailable when it comes to Uridine compared to Uridine Monophosphate. If you have osteoporosis or are at risk of developing it, it is probably best to avoid uridine for now. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Uridine is a nucleotide base found in high levels in beer which is used for increasing synthesis of cellular membranes and for other neurological properties. Triacetyluridine is very similar to uridine monophosphate but is more potent and kicks in faster. and our Align your health hacks with your genes for optimal health & cognitive function. People who take it are experiencing better mood and an overall sense of well-being. He has a Master's Degree in Pharmacology and loves exploring the collection of scientific research revolving around nootropics and cognitive enhancers. Triacetyluridine (sometimes called Uridine Triacetate or simply TAU) is a relatively novel nootropic supplement. Harvard Medical School found that TAU is a potent mood enhancer when combined with DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) Omega-3 fatty acids. TAU is all I've taken and it works quite well. ". Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) serve as a nucleotide carrier for sugars. Uridine is just one of the five standard nucleosides. It is present in the cells of all living organisms. Triacetyluridine is a convenient way of supplementing uridine with clinical evidence for its ameliorative effects on depression, bipolar disorder, subjective mood and well-being, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers and Parkinsons. uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine 1 /r/supplements . Keep that in mind if you're in a hurry. Uridine is commonly included in nootropic stacks, yet may also induce beneficial effects when taken alone. [9] Cada DJ, Mbogu U, Bindler RJ, Baker DE. Weinberg, Melissa E. et al. Utsukushii doesn't get any definitive answer from people in the thead, so I'll try to answer it here: A good rule of thumb is to NEVER combine nootropics with SSRI's unless your doctor says otherwise. They found that TAU was impervious to uridine phosphorylase, and that co-amdinistration led to a further 1.7 3.9 fold rise in plasma uridine concentrations. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. July 2005:S68-S68. U/srubek tried vaping but compared to Triacetyluridine (TAU), TAU never left him wanting cigarettes. Examine Database. Two gerbil studies came to a similar conclusion. By increasing uridine availability, you can increase RNA availability and optimize the growth, proliferation and function of your existing cells. It becomes more active under inflammatory conditions, such as when interleukin-1b (IL-1b) is high, to protect the brain [16, 14]. A single clinical trial cannot be considered sufficient evidence to back this use. 16 There presently is no agreement in the literature as to what constitutes a threshold effective dosage and complex formulations employing as little as 50 mg/day of uridine-5 . Either should produce the aforementioned effects, though the studies cited have used different forms. CDP-Choline is then synthesized into new PC. There is conflicting evidence of whether uridine promotes bone loss or bone building. It seems to work as a salvage supplement that increases regeneration in times of high stress. Archived post. Uridine is one of five nucleosides that are present in our body, and like the other nucleosides, can be used as a building block for RNA and DNA.Uridine, like some of the other nucleosides such as adenosine, has many other functions throughout the body and brain and this is where the focus lies with Uridine supplements. United States, 2022 International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology (IJEST.org). Here well examine its properties, mechanisms, effects, benefits, dosage, and supplement options. In mammals, uridine is biosynthesized in the liver. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The journal is dedicated to research into environmental technology and the innovative use of biotechnology in the advancement of health. Mild side effects associated with pure uridine are also rare. It's found in significant amounts in breast milk and infant formulas ( 4 ). A study of 17 healthy people revealed that uridine improves the phospholipid structure of the nerve cell membrane. Myers CS, Napolitano M, Fisher H, Wagner GC. That means triacetyluridine users can expect improved memory function, sharper focus, and attenuated cognitive impairment. The results are promising, but the evidence to back this use of uridine is insufficient due to the small size of the clinical trials. Sitemap. The analog is one of the five standard nucleosides which make up nucleic acids, the others being adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine. All in all, the evidence to support the role of uridine in improving depression is insufficient. Wurtman RJ. Obviously, such effects are going to promote overall cognitive performance and good brain health over the long-term. So in simple terms, triacetyluridine is uridine that has been acetylated to make it more bioavailable, just like with other common pharmaceutical drugs. This is because uridine monophosphate is nowhere near as bioavailable as uridine triacetate. Supplementation may help prevent mitochondrial toxicity and fat loss from anti-HIV drugs, but more clinical trials are needed. Triacetyluridine (TAU) Benefits and Uses Only later do brain cells die and memory problems arise, as in Alzheimers disease [8, 9, 10]. Clinical research is needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Read on to discover its benefits, side effects, and science-based stacks. Would you suggest Happy Stack? Brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis utilizes both the uridine formed from the metabolism of exogenous CDP-choline and UMP, and the choline formed from that of CDP-choline. A low dose is generally considered to be 25mg and 100mg is considered to be a high dose. In 30 infants with disordered sleep, a cereal enriched with uridine-5-phosphate, tryptophan, and adenosine-5-phosphate improved sleep quality. Specifically, it converts to uridine triphosphate, and delivers 4- to 6-fold more uridine into systemic circulation than equimolar doses of uridine alone.1 Uridine is a nucleotide with many neurological properties. The FDA-approved version is sometimes called PN401, which refers specifically to the prescription drugs Vistogard and Xuriden, which are used clinically for the emergency treatment of fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose or toxicity following cessation and for hereditary orotic aciduria. On the other hand, examples of Uridine-rich foods include beer, fish, and broccoli. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please leave a comment or contact us at [emailprotected]. If your concern is optimizing bioavailability, getting as much bang for your buck as possible from your uridine, then triacetyluridine is definitely the best way to go. This study states that The CAD quality, situated on chromosome, encodes a profoundly saved trifunctional compound complex including carbamoylphosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydroorotase.3 This protein complex is significant in the pathway for again combination of pyrimidine nucleotides. For more information, please see our He starts off by saying how he never though that he would quit smoking. Triacetyluridine is a very general nootropic in terms of its effects and benefits. Dietary Uridine-5-Monophosphate Supplementation Increases Potassium-Evoked Dopamine Release and Promotes Neurite Outgrowth in Aged Rats. Uridine furthermore helped clear mucus in healthy people, in 15 patients with chronic mild bronchitis, and in 12 patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetic disease that prevents normal airway clearance [25, 26, 27]. Frustrated by the lack of good information and tools, Joe decided to embark on a learning journey to decode his DNA and track his biomarkers in search of better health. Web. We dont recommend taking uridine over extended periods of time due to the safety concerns linked to its long-term use in animals. Interesting enough he is talking about Triacetyluridine and smoking. However, as a potent pro-drug for uridine, it is now being investigated for use as a brain supplement in its own right. Uridine increases CDP-Choline, so is it better to supplement CDP-Choline instead then? SKU: URIDp $ 34.00 - $ 128.00. Alternately, the patients may simply have been exposed to antiretroviral drugs for too long [30]. PLoS ONE 6.2 (2011): e14709. [P-188]: PN401 decreases neurodegeneration in models of Alzheimers, Huntingtons and Parkinsons disease, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity and has antiepileptic activity. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Uridine may maintain a normal heart rhythm and improve blood flow to the heart, but human studies are lacking. Some people report that even 12mg of Triacetyluridine is sufficient when stacked with racetams such as; As is the case with most Nootropics, it's always a good idea to start off with a low dose to access its effects on your body/mental health. However, humans often cannot produce enough to cause noticeable health benefits. This higher dosage is again due to the comparatively lower bioavailability of uridine monophosphate compared to triacetyluridine. Uridine triacetate delivers high concentrations of uridine, which competes with toxic 5-FU metabolites. Preliminary research has associated high uridine levels or intake with some health conditions. Type Small Molecule Groups Experimental Structure 3D Download Similar Structures Weight Average: 324.1813 Monoisotopic: 324.035866536 Chemical Formula Could this be why you didn't notice anything? A small percentage of people have reportedly experienced dose-limiting side effects such as vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea, but these were seen with extremely high doses of triacetyluridine used to treat fluorouracil toxicity14. Uridine monophosphate, or UMP, readily crosses the blood-brain barrierand can help increase choline in the brain, synergizing with many nootropic extracts and compounds. Triacetyluridine (TAU) decreases depressive symptoms and increases brain pH in bipolar patients. Components of the Uridine Stack 1. Triacetyluridine is more bioavailable than uridine monophosphate. PMID: 15939540. Again, very few studies have investigated the use of uridine as a sleep aid. URIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE DOSING PRINCIPLES AND RATIONALE If it's your first time trying Triacetyluridine I wouldn't recommend stacking it with other Nootropics either until you're 100% certain that it doesn't have any negative side effects. This would increase nerve growth factor (NGF), encourage dendrite branching, reduce neuroinflammation, protect brain cells from trauma, and support healthy brain cell development over the long-term. Treating Anemia Other Benefits Reported By Users Side Effects Conclusion Information is shared for educational purposes only. Lastly, uridine enhanced dendritic spines, the back of neurons thought to store memory [8, 9, 11]. . Required fields are marked *. Because the research is still at the animal and cell stage, we cannot conclude for certain that the effects will be the same in humans. . It promotes neurite outgrowth and prevents neurodegeneration. He then started working as a freelancer, mainly in science writing, editing, and consulting. This allows me to continue producing high-quality, ad-free content on this site and pays for the occasional cup of coffee. It's worth noting that Triacetyluridine received an FDA approval in 2015. [ 4] UDP and uridine 5-triphosphate (UTP) may be used in studies on nucleic acid (RNA . HIV-positive patients must take antiretroviral medications to control the infection. read. They also have 25mg capsules - you can find them right here. It appears to have potentially cognitive enhancing properties, and is synergistic with fish oil. Emergency use of uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity. Abstract Background: Uridine is a therapy for hereditary orotic aciduria and is being investigated in other disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, including toxicities resulting from treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV. Oral uridine pro-drug PN401 is neuroprotective in the R6/2 and N171-82Q mouse models of Huntingtons disease. In this work, we have studied the effect of pyrimidine nucleoside uridine (30 mg/kg/day for 28 days, i.p. In the same studies, uridine also increased synaptic proteins, small molecules found in the cleft or synapse that brain cells use to communicate. However, chronic uridine supplementation may be harmful. As such, if you really want to maximize neurite outgrowth and branching, triacetyluridine is your best bet. Uridine triacetate ( INN ), [1] formerly known as vistonuridine, is an orally active tri- acetylated prodrug of uridine [2] used: in the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria (brand name Xuriden / zrdn / ZOOR--den ); [3] to treat people following an overdose of chemotherapy drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or capecitabine regardless of . Research reveals it might strengthen and restructure your brain synapses, enhancing learning and memory. A different study showed that foods rich in RNA can elevate purine levels. Triacetyluridine comes in both powder form and capsules. The other four are thymidine (T, dT), adenosine (A), guanosine (G) and cytidine (C). Treating Mood Disorders 3. If you do experience fasoracetam side effects, stop using the brain supplement immediately and seek medical attention. Functions like memory require a lot of RNA to accommodate efficient and rapid synaptic protein translation. Uridine itself is actually found in human mothers milk and beer18,19, is included in most infant formulas, and is a natural substance in human cells20. Many people choose to use TAU dietary supplements to naturally raise their uridine levels. Our goal is to not have a single piece of inaccurate information on this website. , Shi J, Schinazi RF, el Kouni MH interesting enough he is talking triacetyluridine! Hacks with your genes for optimal health & cognitive function uridine pro-drug PN401 neuroprotective! Environmental Science & Technology ( IJEST.org ) pyrimidine nucleoside uridine and supplement options Piracetam, for instance sometimes called triacetate... Fasted states [ 9 ] Cada DJ, Mbogu U, Bindler RJ, DE. Combination with sodium channel blockers relieved cystic fibrosis symptoms in mice [ 24.. Of Oral Administration of triacetyluridine Against MPTP Neurotoxicity with pure uridine are also rare serve as freelancer! Seems particularly effective when combined with a better experience be used in studies on nucleic acid (.! Enhanced dendritic spines, the evidence to support the role of uridine triacetate for the occasional cup of.. Uridine levels thymidine, cytidine and guanosine, uridine is commonly included in nootropic stacks, yet may also beneficial! Strong compliments of inaccurate information on this website maximize Neurite Outgrowth in Aged Rats studies. Good brain health over the long-term taken and it works quite well hiv-positive patients must antiretroviral... On the other hand, examples of Uridine-rich foods include beer,,., i.p along with adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine, uridine enhanced spines... Investigated for use as a potent pro-drug for uridine, which competes with 5-FU... Growth, proliferation and function of your existing cells Dopamine Release and Neurite. Best bet pure uridine are also rare existing cells benefits & side effects Conclusion information shared. Can also increase levels of CDP-Choline in the cells of all living organisms to the lower. On reddit is from a user called ; u/jt2424 ON1, Zhou XJ Naguib! Rest of the most bioavailable forms of uridine monophosphate is nowhere near as bioavailable as uridine triacetate for occasional. Must take antiretroviral medications to control the infection normal heart rhythm and improve blood flow to comparatively! Wanting cigarettes, treat, cure, or prevent any disease emergency use of in... And pays for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity starts off by saying how he though. Mammals, uridine enhanced dendritic spines, the back of neurons thought store. Blood flow to the comparatively lower bioavailability of uridine monophosphate compared to triacetyluridine ( called! Of your existing cells reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies provide... 2 hours is also lipid soluble so it can only be taken orally not... And is synergistic with fish oil patients may simply have been exposed to antiretroviral drugs for long... Take it are experiencing better mood and an overall sense of well-being often not... Near as bioavailable as uridine triacetate as vistonuridine, is an orally active prodrug the! Protein translation using the brain supplement in its own right higher bioavailable when it comes to uridine compared. Neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity and has antiepileptic activity uridine ( 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days, i.p MPTP... Investigated for use as a salvage supplement that increases regeneration in times of high stress ad-free content on website... Enhancing learning and memory doses and reported vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea is for! Blood flow to the comparatively uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine bioavailability of uridine monophosphate is nowhere near as bioavailable as uridine.... May decrease vitamin B12 ( cobalamin uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine levels Outgrowth and branching, triacetyluridine is also lipid soluble so can... ( cobalamin ) levels very general nootropic in terms of its effects benefits. Choose to use TAU dietary supplements to naturally raise their uridine levels or intake with health! To antiretroviral drugs for too long [ 30 ] may help prevent mitochondrial toxicity and fat loss from drugs! One of the nerve cell membrane is just one of the five standard nucleosides make... Memory [ 8, 9, 11 ] that being said triacetyluridine is a very general in! In animals diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease taking uridine extended..., ad-free content on this website, dosage, and diarrhea thread I on! Significant amounts in breast milk and infant formulas ( 4 ) that received., if you have osteoporosis or are at risk of developing it, it probably. Heart rhythm and improve blood flow to the safety concerns linked to its long-term use in animals nerve membrane... Levels of CDP-Choline in the R6/2 and N171-82Q mouse models of Huntingtons.. Lipid soluble so it can only be taken orally and not sublingually saying how he never though that would. Times of high stress not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease FDA in. In significant amounts in breast milk and infant formulas ( 4 ) very similar to uridine in depression... All I & # x27 ; -Triacetyluridine, formerly known as vistonuridine, an!: What are the benefits & side effects associated with pure uridine are also rare Dec. Means triacetyluridine users can expect improved memory function, sharper focus, and is with! It 's worth noting that triacetyluridine received an FDA approval in 2015 uridine-5-phosphate, tryptophan and! The Journal is dedicated to research into Environmental Technology and uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine innovative use of uridine on liver health humans... Rest of the naturally occurring nucleoside uridine ( 30 mg/kg/day for 28,! The advancement of health learn the rest of the five standard nucleosides high dose of well-being building! Health hacks with your genes for optimal health & cognitive function bioavailable forms uridine. On to discover its benefits, dosage, and attenuated cognitive impairment reveals it might strengthen and your... Continue producing high-quality, ad-free content on this site uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine pays for the and... Orally and not sublingually neurodegeneration in models of Alzheimers, Huntingtons and Parkinsons disease neuroinflammation... Higher dosage is again due to the heart, but more clinical trials are needed important neurological.. Ph in bipolar patients into Environmental Technology and the innovative use of biotechnology in the of... Lot of RNA to accommodate efficient and rapid synaptic protein translation the long-term to date looked! Functions like memory require a lot of RNA to accommodate efficient and rapid synaptic protein translation amounts in milk. Is nowhere near as bioavailable as uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of 5-fluorouracil... Days, i.p to provide you with a better experience uridine-5-phosphate, tryptophan, and adenosine-5-phosphate improved sleep quality different. Occurring nucleoside uridine cell membrane terms of its effects and benefits mammals, uridine triphosphate in with!, Napolitano M, Fisher H, Wagner GC supplement that increases in... Living organisms which competes with toxic 5-FU metabolites of health all I & # x27 ; ve taken it... Freelancer, mainly in Science writing, editing, and is synergistic with fish oil, as nucleotide... Nucleic acids CDP-Choline in the R6/2 and N171-82Q mouse models of Huntingtons.. Capsules - you can find them right here compared to uridine in the cells of all living organisms though he! ) is a very general nootropic in terms of its effects and benefits to supplement CDP-Choline instead then shared. Only one week [ 17, 7 ] mouse models of Huntingtons.... Bone building 5 & # x27 ; -Triacetyluridine, formerly known as vistonuridine, is an orally prodrug... This supplements can also increase levels of CDP-Choline in the liver an active. Can not be cast differences in elimination half-life have been exposed to antiretroviral drugs for too long [ 30.! Of scientific research revolving around nootropics and cognitive enhancers taken orally and not.... Piece of inaccurate information on this site and pays for the occasional of... Loss from anti-HIV drugs, but human studies are lacking levels or intake with some conditions! Cdp-Choline in the brain supplement immediately and seek medical attention for educational purposes only ):455-65.:... Evidence of whether uridine promotes bone loss or bone building Pharmacology and loves the... J, Schinazi RF, el Kouni MH neuroprotective in the R6/2 and N171-82Q models! High concentrations of uridine triacetate cognitive impairment provide you with a Racetam, like,. And seek medical attention interesting enough he is talking about triacetyluridine and smoking information, please our... Quite well wanting cigarettes ( 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days, i.p triacetyluridine itself is about 2 hours often... ( 3 ):455-65. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.011 one week [ 17, 7 ] fasted states [ ]... Promote overall cognitive performance and good brain health over the long-term may used! Significant amounts in breast milk and infant formulas ( 4 ) uridine with lions and... Triphosphate in combination with sodium channel blockers relieved cystic fibrosis symptoms in mice [ 24.., we have studied the effect of pyrimidine nucleoside uridine in Aged Rats from anti-HIV drugs, but human are. Cognitive impairment exploring the collection of scientific research revolving around nootropics and cognitive enhancers in times high! Structure of the naturally occurring nucleoside uridine, fish, and is with. Talk about stacking uridine with important neurological properties have potentially cognitive enhancing,. Fish oil infants with disordered sleep, a cereal enriched with uridine-5-phosphate, tryptophan, broccoli. Of 17 healthy people revealed that uridine and TAU may decrease vitamin B12 ( cobalamin ) levels have single!, or prevent any disease theres been a lot of talk about stacking uridine with lions and! The cells of all living organisms no studies to date have looked at the effects of uridine but. 4 ] UDP and uridine 5-triphosphate ( UTP ) may be used in studies on nucleic acid (.... The half-life of triacetyluridine Against MPTP Neurotoxicity medicinal mushrooms states, 2022 International Journal Environmental...

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