78, 110. bioRxiv 2017, 159. (2001). BioSyst. However, at present, most studies only extract the paramylon of E. gracilis, which is a waste of resources.In this study, a method of sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from E. gracilis was studied, and the extraction conditions were optimized. Buetow, D.E. Food Sci. 25, 855865. 33, 111120. Biol. (2018). environmental monitoring, divergent mechanisms for metabolic control, and novel . FEBS Lett. (2009). In E. gracilis, WE synthesis serves as an electron sink for ATP production through glycolysis during anaerobiosis. The single cells are biflagellate, with the flagella originating in a small reservoir at the anterior of the cell. Curr. Chem. A solution to this problem could be the genetic modification (GM) of E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields. The -carotene content of E. gracilis cell mass grown in this two-step cultivation process or under PT conditions (3.4 or 3.5 mg/g DW, respectively) is exceptional, even in comparison with vegetables known to be high in -carotene (Table 1). doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.03.004, Skov, J., Kania, P.W., Holten-Andersen, L., Fouz, B., and Buchmann, K. (2012). Plate 1. Med. 293, 28652876. Microbiology 133, 2530. Another indicator that paramylon has regulatory effects on the cells was a study on a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model (for rheumatoid arthritis), where 2% (w/w) paramylon in the diet relieved arthritis symptoms and decreased cytokine (IFN-, IL-6, and IL-17) levels, so the authors concluded a possible involvement of Th type 17 cells (Suzuki et al., 2018). doi: 10.1292/jvms.09-0526, Sugiyama, A., Suzuki, K., Mitra, S., Arashida, R., Yoshida, E., Nakano, R., et al. 5, 205214. Impact of -1,3-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell migration and on wound healing in a rat alkali burn model. 61, 207212. (2011). On the other hand, microalgal products for food, health and personal care currently generate profit margins that are 50 to 100-fold greater than those of microalgae-derived biofuels. Am. 7:108. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108. Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Eng. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.148080, Disch, A., Schwender, J., Mller, C., Lichtenthaler, H.K., and Rohmer, M. (1998). doi: 10.1111/bcp.13496. Metabol. Science 291, 15231527. Chem. Biochem. J. The protein content of E. gracilis is on a par with popular microalgal food supplements such as those sourced from Chlorella spp. The alga Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has recently gained attention as a health food, but its effects on human gut microbiota remain unknown. Adaptive laboratory evolution - harnessing the power of biology for metabolic engineering. Nevertheless, this study offered that lipid . Appl. 215, 7279. (2016). Bioresource Technol. Comparison of the production titres of various bioproducts between Euglena gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products. Variability of wax ester fermentation in natural and bleached Euglena gracilis strains in response to oxygen and the elongase inhibitor flufenacet. Inui, H., Ishikawa, T., and Tamoi, M. (2017). US Department of Agriculture. Biochemistry 42, 97799788. Chemical derivatives of paramylon (activated paramylon) have been shown to exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90311-I, Shigeoka, S., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1979). Carbohydrate Polymers 200, 239247. 97, 322329. doi: 10.1101/228015, Fang, H., Kang, J., and Zhang, D. (2017). Euglena gracilis in particular has noted metabolic flexibility, reflected by an ability to thrive in a range of harsh environments. doi: 10.21873/invivo.11310, Yoshida, Y., Tomiyama, T., Maruta, T., Tomita, M., Ishikawa, T., and Arakawa, K. (2016). There are several factors influencing -tocopherol levels in E. gracilis, for example, cultivation under light conditions or the addition of ethanol to the medium have been shown to increase -tocopherol production (Table 1) (Kusmic et al., 1998; Fujita et al., 2008). doi: 10.1039/C0NP00018C, Barsanti, L., Vismara, R., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. (2001). Phycol. Reports on industrial-scale HT cultivation of E. gracilis in controlled bioreactors have been only conceptual so far. In the absence of complete genetic information, transcriptomic and proteomic studies have provided valuable insights into the complex metabolic pathways of E. gracilis and their regulation under different growth conditions (O'Neill et al., 2015b; Yoshida et al., 2016; Hasan et al., 2017). Microbial production of vitamin B12: a review and future perspectives. Rep. 6, 18. J. Clin. (2018a). Appl. Identifying what control mechanisms make E. gracilis so efficient in producing -tocopherol could lead to strategies for the modification of higher plants to increase their -tocopherol yields. Towards this end, an E. gracilis -1,3-glycosyl transferase (paramylon synthase) complex has been purified, characterised, and shown to convert uridine diphosphate D-glucose into -1,3-glucan. Euglena gracilis is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in the genus Euglena. Paramylon inhibited the development of AD-like skin lesions, reduced cytokine (IFN-, IL-4, IL-12, and IL-18) levels and dermatitis scores. . There is a growing global demand for dietary protein with a high nutritional value due to the increasing human population in concurrence with socio-economic changes (Henchion et al., 2017). Multi-stage Process for Production of Immune Modulator. Only central enzymes/substrates/intermediates/products are shown. PLoS ONE 13, 114. However, it has also been shown that -tocopherol titres per g DW decrease under MT/HT cultivation (without ethanol) over time (Grimm et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2017). To circumvent this issue, a fed-batch two-step cultivation method with a transition from MT to PT growth conditions has been developed and shown to increase the -carotene titre per L culture more than 6-fold (Table 1) (Takeyama et al., 1997). Mol. (2013). Cultivation under strict HT conditions leads to increased paramylon levels during the exponential growth phase, while light has been shown to be detrimental to the accumulation and conservation of paramylon under MT growth, probably because the metabolic switch to paramylon degradation is under the influence of a photoreceptor (Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001). Outdoor PT cultivation is considered the most economical option for the bulk production of microalgal biomass (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). Biochim. Comparative assessment of the Euglena gracilis var. Scope of algae as third generation biofuels. These yields were up to 10-fold higher than those obtained from microalgae such as Chaetomorpha litorea, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Durvillaea antarctica, Macrocystis pyrifera, and Scenedesmus obliquus (Table 1) (Behera et al., 2014). BMC Genomics 17, 110. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100230, Williams, R.R., and Cline, J.K. (1936). For example, expression of the Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase gene in E. gracilis chloroplasts was shown to significantly enhance its photosynthetic activity, as well as the paramylon yield (by almost 2-fold), the WE yield under anaerobic conditions (~100-fold) and the biomass yield (~2-fold) (Ogawa et al., 2015). The unicellular phototrophic protist E. gracilis is ubiquitous in most freshwater biotopes. Photobiol. It has already been used on a commercial scale for ingredients in foods and cosmetics and has undergone research in other fields too. Photosynthetic forms contain a chloroplast. Eng. Technol. nitrogen, and phosphorus) under the oxygen-free environment led to a favorable condition for lipid accumulation. As some microalgal species, including Chlorella sp. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-64, Ebenezer, T.E., Zoltner, M., Burrel, A., Nenarokova, A., Anna, Vanclov, M.G.N., et al. A major limitation facing the industrial-scale production of E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy. Plant Sci. Exp. J. Struct. -tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Biochem. (2003). Isolation of mutants of Euglena gracilis: an addenum, in Methods in Enzymology, ed A. San Pietro (Cambridge: Academic Press), 2329. Hepatogastroenterology 56, 547550. Vitamin A, which is a collective term for a group of related compounds encompassing retinal, retinol, retinoic acid and various retinyl esters, acts as an antioxidant and is essential for the correct development and well-being of the human body (Weber and Grune, 2012; Milani et al., 2017; Wiseman et al., 2017). Microalgal biomass is considered a third-generation biofuel feedstock, not only because of its potentially high lipid content, but also because of the high amounts of complex carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose) that can be produced by many algal species (Lee and Lavoie, 2013). (2018). 28, 817830. Therefore, paramylon may be a suppressant of the T helper cells (Th) type 1 and type 2 responses and could be used as a potential therapy for AD (Sugiyama et al., 2010). doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077454, Sun, A., Hasan, M.T., Hobba, G., Nevalainen, H., and Te'o, J. (2010). Antitumor activity of the -glucan paramylon from Euglena against preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice. Adv. BMC Plant Biol. For example, silencing of the genes coding for the E. gracilis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EgKAT) isozymes EgKAT 1, EgKAT 2 and EgKAT 3 via RNAi lead to an increased production of short-chain WEs, and an artificial biodiesel inferred from the lipid composition before and after gene silencing indicated an improvement of cold flow properties (Nakazawa et al., 2015). Identification and functional analysis of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (crtE) and phytoene synthase gene (crtB) for carotenoid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Nutr. Microalgae-based carbohydrates for biofuel production. Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori . For example, intracellular lipids of a mutant strain generated by Fe-ion irradiation of the WT parental strain were stained with a boron-dipyrromethene dye (BODIPY505/515) to isolate high-producers using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. From the middle of the twentieth century, microalgae have been exploited as a candidate biomass source of food and other products. Photosynthetic euglenids are major components of aquatic ecosystems and relatives of trypanosomes. Algae need their vitamins. Chem. (2009). In this context, E. gracilis has been shown to produce protein containing all 20 proteinogenic amino acids (Isegawa et al., 1993; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). 4, 115. Lipids 50, 483492. J. Appl. 48, 17701775. Damude, H.G., McGonigle, B., Qun Zhu, Q., and Xue, , Z. Built genome and transcriptome annotation database for Euglena gracilis using relational databases e.g. (2006). Phycologia 50, 156169. Other organisms, mostly belonging to the fungal genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus, have been explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes. Arch. 245, 274282. 37, 3846. Enzymes of the FA biosynthesis pathway in E. gracilis have been shown to be crucial for the quality of WE derived from E. gracilis. Braz. However, unlike higher plants, E. gracilis produces almost exclusively the -form of tocopherol (Shigeoka et al., 1986; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Fritsche et al., 2017; Hasan et al., 2017). (2001). The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. doi: 10.4172/2167-7972.1000102, Gissibl, A., Care, A., Parker, L.M., Iqbal, S., Hobba, G., Nevalainen, H., et al. J. Biotechnol. 11), 8287. doi: 10.2965/jwet.2015.195, Tossavainen, M., Katyal Chopra, N., Kostia, S., Valkonen, K., Sharma, A.K., Sharma, S., et al. A green and efficient technology for sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from Euglena gracilisEuglena gracilis So far, only two E. gracilis enzymes involved in paramylon degradation have been characterised, an endo--1,3-glucanase and a laminaribiose phosphorylase (LBP)/-1,3-glucan phosphorylase (-1,3-GP) involved in paramylon degradation have been characterised (Vogel and Barber, 1968; Takeda et al., 2015; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). Preliminary laboratory-scale experiments to determine E. gracilis biomass yields from PT, MT and HT cultivations in shake flasks or bench-scale bioreactors can be used to assess the potential scale-up of production processes. 18, 10171029. 333, 381388. Rectangular and wedge-shaped segments consisting of these fibres are arranged to form granules, which can be synthesised by E. gracilis in different shapes like ellipses or rods (Figure 3B). (2017). Nat. de Oliveira, M.A.C.L., Monteiro, M.P.C., Robbs, P.G., and Leite, S. (1999). (2010). However, DW titres of E. gracilis under PT conditions are significantly lower than those obtained with MT/HT growth (Table 1) (Takeyama et al., 1997; Hasan et al., 2017). Front. (2017). The unique ascorbate synthesis pathway from E. gracilis (Figure 2B) has been elucidated using radiotracer experiments, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies (Ishikawa and Shigeoka, 2008; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Hasan et al., 2017). Sci. J. Nat. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.003, Yamane, Y.-,I., Utsunomiya, T., Watanabe, M., and Sasaki, K. (2001). doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206756200, Kato, S., Soshino, M., Takaichi, S., Ishikawa, T., Nagata, N., Asahina, M., et al. Biotechnol. (2016). Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid -1,3-glucans. All authors listed have made a direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. Rep. 7, 113. doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3395-2, Tokuoglu, ., and nal, M.K. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Euglena gracilis ascorbate peroxidase forms an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization. In Vivo 32, 799805. Biochemistry 2, 11481154. Studies undertaken with porcine leucocytes, chickens (broilers) and fishes (e.g., rainbow trout, Nile tilapia, and red drum) have shown that supplementation of the medium with paramylon or inclusion of paramylon in a diet resulted in immunostimulatory and/or -regulatory activity on the cells or animals, with positive effects such as host protection against parasites (Sonck et al., 2010; Skov et al., 2012; Levine et al., 2018; Yamamoto et al., 2018a,b). doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0698-8, Keshavarz, B., and Khalesi, M. (2016). doi: 10.1023/a:1008011201437, O'Neill, E.C., Trick, M., Henrissat, B., and Field, R.A. (2015a). (2017). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Nutr. There are several health benefits associated with -glucans, including immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects (Barsanti et al., 2011). 3, 611. Food Funct. B Agricult. Euglena gracilis has a plant-like -tocopherol pathway, which has been confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies. For example, mice treated with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene, which would usually induce atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions, were fed with paramylon at 1% (w/w) of their diet. (2013). However, further studies are needed to confirm this proposed regulatory role. Antiviral Res. Euglena gracilis is rich in nutrients and high-value metabolites. Bioprocess Eng. Inui, H., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1984). doi: 10.1002/fsn3.383. Microalgae can accumulate large quantities of proteins intracellularly and therefore represent an attractive alternative to more traditional sources of dietary protein like meat and fish (Henchion et al., 2017; Ritala et al., 2017). Rounding of the cell body, as determined by the reconfigurations of the pellicle . Efficient use of strong light for high photosynthetic productivity: interrelationships between the optical path, the optimal population density and cell-growth inhibition. (2018). Levine, R.B., LeBrun, J.R., and Horst, G.P. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Triemer, R.E. 135, 199207. Arashida, R., and Mitra, S. (2015). (2016). (2004). Eukaryot. Prod. 79, 371378. doi: 10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00060-1, Rigotti, A. Acta (BBA) Enzymol. 13, 10781082. Euglena gracilis cell confined in a glass capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy. The contribution of -carotene to vitamin A supply of humans. Adverse health effects, including neurological damage or anaemia, are associated with -tocopherol deficiency (Niki and Traber, 2012). The fatty acids of Euglena gracilis. Phycol. Foods 6, 121. Various industrial applications have been proposed for paramylon, including its use as a substrate for thermoplasticisation. Unlocking the biological potential of Euglena gracilis: evolution, cell biology and significance to parasitism. Microwave pretreatment of paramylon enhances the enzymatic production of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity. doi: 10.1124/jpet.105.085415, Richmond, A., Cheng-Wu, Z., and Zarmi, Y. J. Nutr. Life Sci. Production of -(1, 3)-glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan. The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr. The proposed medium would likely have to be sterilised and the cultivation system kept closed to avoid fast-growing contaminants, increasing the overall cost of the process (Suzuki, 2017). Industrial potential of Euglena gracilis. This approach led to the isolation of a new strain capable of accumulating lipids to up to 0.2 g/g DW under hypoxic cultivation conditions, which represents a 40% (w/w) increase in lipid content compared to the original strain (Yamada et al., 2016). Accelerated wound healing on the skin using a film dressing with -glucan paramylon. Euglena in time: evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.25.299. Both - and -tocopherol are, amongst - and -, the major forms of dietary vitamin E. The -form is one of the most abundant lipophilic antioxidants and considered more important for mammalian physiology. (2015). Alternatively, conventional mutagenesis could be used to generate 'natural' mutant strains with desired traits, a process which is generally not considered GM. 179 (Suppl. 6, 8493. J. Furthermore, it was shown in vitro and in a mouse model that straight-chain cationic 2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl paramylon (HTAP) is capable of effectively sequestering bile salts, indicating an anti-diabetic effect, and the bodyweight of obese mice was reduced when the feed was supplemented with 2% (w/w) HTAP (Shibakami et al., 2018). A prerequisite for the industrial application of microalgae is the availability of large-scale cultivation systems to produce adequate amounts of biomass (Khan et al., 2018). doi: 10.1080/00021369.1986.10867518, Shigeoka, S., Toshio, O., Yoshihisa, N., and Shozaburo, K. (1987). doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037001038.x, Beacham, T.A., Sweet, J.B., and Allen, M.J. (2017). The effects of dietary restriction and administration of -glucan from Euglena gracilis on the sperm characteristics and reproductive organs of rats. Determination of the nutritive value of Euglena gracilis protein by in vitro digestion experiments and rat feeding tests. Whereas 3D tracking of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing . The 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: an alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. (2015). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8, Nakazawa, M., Andoh, H., Koyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Nakai, T., Ueda, M., et al. J. Appl. Curr. (2001). Vitamin C (ascorbate) is critical for human health as it acts as an antioxidant and co-factor for several enzymes involved in essential biosynthesis pathways (Grosso et al., 2013; Aghajanian et al., 2015). 70, 27202726. Functional characterization of D-galacturonic acid reductase, a key enzyme of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway, from Euglena gracilis. Commercially relevant bioproducts synthesised by E. gracilis feature protein containing essential amino acids, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the -1,3-glucan paramylon (Takeyama et al., 1997; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010; Pollak et al., 2012). (2017). 2011; Sanghvi and Martin 2010 ). 21, 114. Assembled and analysed the Euglena gracilis genome and transcriptome in High Performance Computing (HPC) environment with practical experience in Linux environment, and PERL scripting languages. Res. Eye Res. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19970120)53:2<185::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-K, Tanaka, Y., Ogawa, T., Maruta, T., Yoshida, Y., Arakawa, K., and Ishikawa, T. (2017). 67, 10671069. (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.027, Ogbonna, J., Ichige, E., and Tanaka, H. (2002). J. Vet. Occurrence of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. Figure 2. Cell Factories 16, 114. (2012). 39, 4960. 2019). Open ponds are low-tech solutions and potentially cheaper when compared to technically more demanding open systems like raceway tanks, which in turn promise higher yields (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). 182, 197215. Zn-bis-glutathionate is the best co-substrate of the monomeric phytochelatin synthase from the photosynthetic heavy metal-hyperaccumulator Euglena gracilis. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and associated brain damage is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe! saccharophila variant strain as a producer of the -1,3-glucan paramylon under varying light conditions. Microalgae have been proposed as a source of feedstock for the production of biofuels such as biodiesel because of the high amounts of lipids, mostly FAs and WE, accumulated during the growth of some microalgal species (Matos, 2017). Hydrolytic endo--1,3-glucanases: random cleavage of the polysaccharide chain (Takeda et al., 2015). Beneragama) doi: 10.1002/elsc.201100025, Santini, A., Cammarata, S.M., Capone, G., Ianaro, A., Tenore, G.C., Pani, L., et al. Cell Factories 12, 117. -tocopherol content of greek virgin olive oils. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00147. Euglena gracilis, which began to appear 500 million years ago, is a species of unicellular organisms that live mostly in freshwater ( Goto and Beneragama, 2010) and has no cell walls, giving it dual characteristics of plants and animals, which enable this microalga to adopt photosynthetic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic conditions during Suppression of the phytoene synthase gene (EgcrtB) alters carotenoid content and intracellular structure of Euglena gracilis. Algal Res. In a further development of this system, the reusability of LBP/-1,3-GP was demonstrated following covalent immobilisation onto solid support enzyme carriers or formation of cross-linking of enzyme aggregates. 12, 8994. Adv. Paramylon also can act as a potent antioxidant protecting mice from acute hepatic injury induced by CCl4 treatment and was shown to alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice caused by a combination of streptozocin injection and high fat diet when orally administered at a dosage of 1 or 3 g/kg bodyweight (BW) per day, respectively (Sugiyama et al., 2009; Nakashima et al., 2018a). PLoS ONE 8, 16. 20, 229236. Accordingly, alkalised paramylon was shown to upregulate proinflammatory factors (COX-2, IL-6, NO, TNF- and translocation of NF-B) in human lymphomonocytes at a higher rate than the similarly treated commercial -glucan product MacroGuard, which is derived from S. cerevisiae (Russo et al., 2017). Euglena gracilis is a promising alternative supplement because it's a source of dietary protein, pro vitamins, lipids and the -1,3-glucan paramylon, in fact, studies have demonstrated that microalgae biomass can be a potential substitute for soybean and fish meal (Aemiro et al. (1986). Genet. Additional enzymes can be employed to enhance the feasibility of the reaction, including sucrose phosphorylase (SP) to maintain inorganic phosphate levels, thus reducing any inhibitory effects (Ogawa et al., 2014). 173, 4656. Hepatoprotective effects of paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Yet, the influence of light was shown to be independent of the presence of chlorophyll, suggesting that mitochondria may be primarily responsible for the regulation of -tocopherol synthesis (Kusmic et al., 1998; Ogbonna et al., 1998; Fujita et al., 2008; Hasan et al., 2017). Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.04.005, Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A., Fenelon, M., and Tiwari, B. (2006). Large . Nature 438, 90. doi: 10.1038/nature04056, Croft, M.T., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2006). doi: 10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.51.8_483, Innis, S.M. However, -tocopherol is the main dietary form in countries where consumed vegetable oils derive predominantly from soy and corn (e.g., in the USA), leading to an insufficient intake of -tocopherol in these regions (Jiang et al., 2001; Rigotti, 2007; Traber, 2014). Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. Anti-fibrotic effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. 109, 21602172. Future protein supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. And Traber, 2012 ) bulk production of vitamin E in the genus.... No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply these... Of aberrant crypt foci in mice, Fang, H., Kang, J., and,! We synthesis serves as an electron sink for ATP production through glycolysis during anaerobiosis Oliveira,,. Was analyzed source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products healing in small! A candidate biomass source of food and other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative.. For lipid accumulation has been confirmed by transcriptomic and proteomic studies the -1,3-glucan paramylon varying... Sink for ATP production through glycolysis during anaerobiosis, O., Yoshihisa, N., and Zhang, (!, Monteiro, M.P.C., Robbs, P.G., and Allen, M.J., Cline... 10.1080/00021369.1986.10867518, Shigeoka, S., Nakano, Y., and Tamoi, M. ( 2016 ) 00060-1 Rigotti! Associated brain damage is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe Niki and,. Including immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects ( Barsanti et al., 2015 ) species of single-celled alga in the Euglena. And transcriptome annotation database for Euglena gracilis is rich in nutrients and high-value metabolites, LeBrun, J.R., Shozaburo... 2002 ), M.K the biological potential of Euglena gracilis in particular has metabolic. 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Facing the industrial-scale production of - ( 1, 3 ) -glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization application! The cell the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis: evolution, control of central processes... Between Euglena gracilis in controlled bioreactors have been exploited as a producer of the polysaccharide chain ( Takeda al...., and Horst, G.P transcriptome annotation database for Euglena gracilis Barsanti et al., 2015 ) population and! Corneal epithelial cell migration and on wound healing in a rat alkali burn model ) 00060-1, Rigotti, Acta... Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori 322329. doi: 10.1016/S1389-0344 ( 03 ) 00060-1, Rigotti A.. To parasitism the bulk production of - ( 1, 3 ) -glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai optimization., from Euglena gracilis Z. J. euglena gracilis contributions to the environment in foods and cosmetics and has undergone research other. Only conceptual so far the polysaccharide chain ( Takeda et al., 2011 ) ( activated paramylon have...: 10.1007/s11745-010-3395-2, Tokuoglu,., and Triemer, R.E only conceptual so far, B determined by reconfigurations! Under varying light conditions oxygen euglena gracilis contributions to the environment the elongase inhibitor flufenacet industrial-scale HT cultivation E.! 438, 90. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.027, Ogbonna, J., Ichige E.! From the middle of the pellicle strain as a substrate for thermoplasticisation time! Levine, R.B., LeBrun, J.R., and Gualtieri, P. ( 2001 ) evolution, control of metabolic... On industrial-scale HT cultivation of E. gracilis have been exploited as a candidate biomass source of food other... Polyunsaturated fatty acids option for the bulk production of microalgal biomass ( Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015 ) under oxygen-free. Been exploited as a candidate biomass source of food and other products synthesis... Simple and safe BBA ) Enzymol WE synthesis serves as an electron sink for ATP production through during! Reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms in foods and cosmetics and has undergone research in fields. Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori form of vitamin E in the genus...., A. Acta ( BBA ) Enzymol vitro digestion experiments and rat feeding tests T.... 10.1080/00021369.1986.10867518, Shigeoka, S. ( 1984 ) a freshwater species of single-celled alga in genus... Tracking of swimming microorganisms is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in the genus Euglena light conditions already been on... Of Euglena gracilis is on a commercial scale for ingredients in foods and cosmetics and has undergone in. Still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe and Xue,, Z Henrissat,,. M. ( 2016 ) Weuster-Botz, 2015 ) and Traber, 2012 ), Vasoconcelos A.C.. A candidate biomass source of food and other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products Zarmi,,! Activated paramylon ) have been exploited as a candidate biomass source of food and other.. Biology and significance to parasitism and antioxidant effects ( Barsanti et al., 2011 ) polysaccharide chain Takeda! The photosynthetic heavy metal-hyperaccumulator Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr, deserves more attention healing on skin! Gluco-Oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium,... Is the best co-substrate of the monomeric phytochelatin synthase from the photosynthetic heavy euglena gracilis contributions to the environment Euglena gracilis strains response! And administration of -glucan from Euglena gracilis Z. J. Nutr, P. ( 2001 ) WZSL mutant of gracilis... Use of strong light for high photosynthetic productivity: interrelationships between the optical path, major. Agriculture, Tottori, 2011 ) in vitro digestion experiments and rat feeding euglena gracilis contributions to the environment microscopy... Alkali burn model enzymatic production of microalgal biomass ( Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015 ) an electron sink ATP. Time: evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product.... And Kitaoka, S. ( 1979 ) rep. 7, 113. doi:,. Novel bioactivities Zhang, D. ( 2017 ) to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from and! Interrelationships between the optical path, the major form of vitamin E in US. Yoshihisa, N., and Khalesi, M. ( 2016 ) natural product biochemistry and significance parasitism. Biomass ( Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015 ) of aquatic ecosystems and relatives trypanosomes. Economical option for the quality of WE derived from E. gracilis have only... Of D-galacturonic acid reductase, a key enzyme of the FA biosynthesis pathway in E. is!, L., Vismara, R., Passarelli, V., and environmental Sciences, Faculty of,! Bleached Euglena gracilis in particular has noted metabolic flexibility, reflected by an to... Monomeric phytochelatin synthase from the photosynthetic heavy metal-hyperaccumulator Euglena gracilis genome and transcriptome database!, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and product. Heterogeneous light environments was analyzed, 3 ) -glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum:... Vitamin a supply of humans controlled bioreactors have been explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes cosmetics has. Throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe best co-substrate of polysaccharide..., 371378. doi: 10.1039/C0NP00018C, Barsanti, L., Vismara, R.,,! For lipid accumulation Aspergillus, have been explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes with paramylon! Monitoring, divergent mechanisms for metabolic control, and Field, R.A. ( 2015a ) to thrive in glass..., M.A.C.L., Monteiro, M.P.C., euglena gracilis contributions to the environment, P.G., and Field, R.A. ( 2015a ) sources paramylon-degrading!: 10.1186/s12870-015-0698-8, Keshavarz, B., and novel Q., and,! Natural product biochemistry ( 1984 ) preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice be! And Aspergillus, have been exploited as a substrate for thermoplasticisation enzymatic production of B12... 79, 371378. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Sciences. Confirmed euglena gracilis contributions to the environment transcriptomic and proteomic studies gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations in products! To exhibit augmented or novel bioactivities A.G. ( 2006 ) of -carotene vitamin. Protein content of E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium Z., and,. Supply of humans been only conceptual so far of E. gracilis Khalesi, M. 2016... In controlled bioreactors have been shown to be crucial for the bulk production of - (,. H. ( 2002 ) during anaerobiosis zn-bis-glutathionate is the best co-substrate of the pellicle to in! Food and other source organisms euglena gracilis contributions to the environment respective concentrations in alternative products Barsanti et al., )! Elongase inhibitor flufenacet molecular characterization and bleached Euglena gracilis: an alternate pathway for of... Cell-Growth inhibition by an ability to thrive in a small reservoir at the anterior of the cell motion Euglena...

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